Childhood Obesity Essay -- essays research papers

It is a shame that so many children are obese. I am shocked that 2 million deaths each class can be contri anded to physical inactivity (Wharry, 2002). The "How we Grew so Big" article is about the evolutionary reasons behind obesity. I worked in a factory this away summer where there was very physical labour. I ate way more food than I had before I started working there but was a lot slimmer by the end of my contract. Even though the sudden increase in activity in my life reduced my body fat, virtually of the other workers there were overweight. This leads me to believe that obesity is more of a societal issue than an evolutionary issue. Ive had friends who were morbidly obese one of whom would tell me "I tell apart when Im full because it gets hard to breathe". Last time I checked, that means youre over full I have personally struggled with body image issues and am now exactly the correct and healthy BMI, yet by many peoples standards would be considered "f estively plump". I think that conflicting messages sent to people by media and healthcare providers over what "healthy weight" is, is a cause of obesity. Part of esteem in our society has to do with power, possessions and high luxury. Part of luxury is beingness catered to, having food made for you. It is hard to achieve this luxurious life style of drinking, partying and eating out all the time when we are also crash diet so to meet the unattainable standards set out by advertisements and celebrities.If our lives are filled with inactivity and overeating, why are our pets so fat too? " cardinal % of cats of dogs are heavier that they should be" (Lenonick, 2004). It seems to me that if one is so lethargic as to not play with their pet, to the point that said animal is overweight, there is more than an evolutionary exposition to obesity. Though it may seem Marxist of me to write, people would be happier and probably slimmer if they were more connected to their places of work and community and had some kind of tangible acquaintance with the food they were putting into their mouth. The move from farms to urban areas in industrialized nations has reduced physical labour and also changed the way we relate to food.Lenonick, Michael D. 06/04/04 (Online). How we grew So Big. TIME magazine. functional athttp//www3.open.uoguelph.ca/d2l/orgTools/ouHome/ouHome.... ...ar accidents which is 16 in 100 000 (Harte 2002). I couldnt believe that I have a higher risk of dieing from a tummy enter then getting hit and killed by a car, yet millions or people walk the streets everyday. The fact about it is that the greater the volume of fat and wind fluids, including plasma, that are sucked out, the greater the chance of severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances (Greeley 2000). Daniel Morello, M.D., president of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery points out that liposuction is not for weight bolshie but for contouring of the body. &quo tIt is designed for removing localized areas of fatty tissues--not as a substitute for proper dietary management and exercise."(Greeley 2000). So either way we look at it we still have to exercise to maintain a fit body. I guess if you have the money, anything is possible or pretty close to being possible. Harte, J. 2002 May. orotund Liposuction. Available from http//www.health.state.mn.us/htac/lipo.htm Accessed 2005 Feb 20.Greenly,A . 2000. Planning To Look Flab-u-less? Know the Facts About Liposuction. Available from http//www.fitnessmba.com/childrens_fitness.html Accessed 2005 Feb 20.

British Irish Relations over the past 300 years :: essays research papers

British- Irish relations everywhere the past three hundred years pass on been troubled. There have been galore(postnominal) tensions commenced by religion in Northern Ireland and Britains unfair rule of Northern Ireland. The British atomic number 18 guilty of many of the indignities suffered by the Irish people. They are too guilty of causing all of the religious and territorial conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland.The division between Northern and Southern Ireland dates back to the sixteenth century. A succession of English monarchs had used the planting of Protestant English and Scottish people on lands seized from Irish Catholics as a way of change magnitude obedience to the British Crown. This is an example of how the British treated the people of Ireland unfairly.In 1912 British parliament gave post rule to Ireland. Home rule is when a surface area who is rule by another country is giving the ability to govern its self. However some people in Irelands Northern counties did not want home rule. They treasured to remain governed by Britain. So the people in the Northern Counties (Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry and Tyr star) remained under British rule while the Southern Counties make the Republic of Ireland. shortly later the formation of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland hostilities pushed these two countries to the brink of civil war. This was prevented by the start of World War I.English persecution of the Irish people is one cause of the tensions in Northern Ireland. Before 1793 Irish Catholics were persecuted by British law. Catholics were not allowed to buy and sell land, get proper education, marry Protestants or vote. This fuel problems in Ireland. After 1793 Britain was afraid, after loosing America, that a revolution would happen in Ireland. So the restrictions on the Irish Catholics were done away with. This however angered the protestants who formed the chromatic Order, who was a gainst the Catholics. This all came to a head when in 1798 when a small rebellion broke out. It began with a blight of the potato crop that left acre upon acre of Irish plowland covered with black rot.(The Irish Famine, 1) This of course is in reference to the Irish Famine. The Irish Famine was another cause of the tensions in Ireland. As crops across Ireland failed, the outlay of food soared. This made it impossible for Irish farmers to sell there goods, the good which the farmers relied upon to pay their rent to their English and Protestant landlords.British Irish Relations over the past 300 years essays research papers British- Irish relations over the past three hundred years have been troubled. There have been many tensions caused by religion in Northern Ireland and Britains unfair rule of Northern Ireland. The British are guilty of many of the indignities suffered by the Irish people. They are also guilty of causing all of the religious and territorial conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland.The division between Northern and Southern Ireland dates back to the 16th century. A succession of English monarchs had used the planting of Protestant English and Scottish people on lands seized from Irish Catholics as a way of increasing loyalty to the British Crown. This is an example of how the British treated the people of Ireland unfairly.In 1912 British parliament gave home rule to Ireland. Home rule is when a country who is ruled by another country is giving the ability to govern its self. However some people in Irelands Northern counties did not want home rule. They wanted to remain governed by Britain. So the people in the Northern Counties (Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry and Tyrone) remained under British rule while the Southern Counties formed the Republic of Ireland. Shortly after the formation of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland hostilities pushed these two countries to the brink of civil war. This was prevented by the start of World War I.English persecution of the Irish people is one cause of the tensions in Northern Ireland. Before 1793 Irish Catholics were persecuted by British law. Catholics were not allowed to buy and sell land, get proper education, marry Protestants or vote. This fueled problems in Ireland. After 1793 Britain was afraid, after loosing America, that a revolution would happen in Ireland. So the restrictions on the Irish Catholics were done away with. This however angered the protestants who formed the Orange Order, who was against the Catholics. This all came to a head when in 1798 when a small rebellion broke out. It began with a blight of the potato crop that left acre upon acre of Irish farmland covered with black rot.(The Irish Famine, 1) This of course is in reference to the Irish Famine. The Irish Famine was another cause of the tensions in Ireland. As crops across Ireland failed, the price of food soared. This made it impossible for Irish farmers to sell there goods, the good which the farmers relied upon to pay their rent to their English and Protestant landlords.

Is there an objective standard of taste? Essay -- Art, Aesthetic Princi

In Aesthetics, it is thought that in order to show that a lap up of art is truly great, it is required that an assessment of aesthetic value mustiness be made (Graham, 2001). Therefore, it can be seen as important that such criteria of can be defined in order to deal such an assessment. In this essay, I shall argue that it is not possible for there to be an objective standard of taste that can be defined through a ascertain of binding aesthetic principles that can be used to judge value of artistic works. Rather, than an objective standard of taste can exist without aesthetic rules or principles. This shall be done by first examining Humes seminal work Of the standard of taste (Hume, SOT). Firstly Humes idea of agreeableness of a work art shall be addressed, and how the idea of the test of time can result in unanimity of in aesthetic judgement as evidence that there can be an objective standard for aesthetic judgement. This shall be confirmed by examining Humes non-cognitivist account of aesthetic judgement proposing that no properties of objects can make them viable candidates for aesthetic evaluation, only the immediate and spontaneous reactions that they can evoke from us can. After this has been established it give then be shown that due to the divided nature of the human species, such aesthetic sentiments can display reasonable uniformity. Although it will have already been established that a uniformity of taste exists, it will be discussed how aesthetic sentiments can be improved by a sound understanding of what is being appreciated, as it is possible for some aesthetic judgments to be better than others, through aesthetic judgment of individuals that Hume regards as being good critics, who have well-tuned aesthetic sensibilit... ... (1963)The abbreviations and texts cited above ar as followsTA Treatise of Human Nature, alter by L. A. Selby-Bigge, 2nd ed. revised by P.H. Nidditch, Oxford Clarendon Press, (1975)SOTOf the Standard of Taste, in, T he Philosophical Works of David Hume, edited by T. H. Green and T. H. Grose. 4 volumes, London Longman, Green, 1874-75. Page references above to individual essays are to volume 3 of this edition. Web Articles usedZangwill, Nick, Aesthetic Judgment, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2006 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = .Gracyk, Ted, Humes Aesthetics, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2006 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), forthcoming URL = .

Monetary Policy in Canada :: essays papers

Monetary Policy in CanadaThe lodge of Canadas Control Over the Money SupplyThe force of the key bank to affect the money supply is critically related to its ability to determine the reserves of the commercial message banking system.One important tool that the chamfer uses for influencing the supply of money is the purchase or sale of government securities on the open market. These actions are known as open-market operations.Whenever the brink is involved in every the purchase or sale of government securities, the reserves of the entire banking system are altered, and this affects the money supply.When the Bank of Canada buys a treasury bill or a bond from a household or a firm, it pays for the bond with a draw off drawn on itself and payable to the seller. The seller deposits this cheque in a commercial bank, which then presents the cheque to the Bank of Canada for payment.The bank of Canada then makes a book entry, increasing the deposit of the commercial bank at the central bank, which adds to the commercial banks reserves.Typically, when the Bank buys securities on the open market, the reserves of the commercial banks are increased. These banks can then expand deposits, thereby increasing the money supply.When the Bank sells a security to a household or firm, it receives in return the buyers cheque drawn against a deposit in a bank. The Bank presents the cheque to the commercial bank for payment.Payment is made by a book entry that reduces the banks deposit at the central bank, and hence reduces its reserves.When the central bank sells securities on the open market, the reserves of the commercial banks are decreased. These banks must in turn contract deposits, thereby decreasing the money supply.Extension 29-1 money management - the shifting of government deposits between the Bank of Canada and the chartered banks is a major tool used by the Bank of Canada in its day-to-day operations.When the Bank transfers government deposits, it influences the r eserves of the banking system relative to its target level of reserves, thereby inducing an expansion or contraction of commercial bank lending and and then an expansion or contraction of the money supply.Open-market operations and control of government deposits give the Bank of Canada potent weapons for affecting the size of commercial bank reserves and thus for affecting the money supply.Though the details of an open-market operation differ from

Emily Dickinson: How Illness Shaped Her Writing Essay -- Biography

Emily Dickinson has a characteristic writing style. Dickinsons use of dashes and randomly placed capital letters throughout her work give her a whimsical style that is contradictory to her magazine. Many believe that it was her genius that caused this while still others believes it was her illness that contributed to her characteristic writing style. Lyndall Gordons biography offers a major revelation exhibit that Dickinson suffered from epilepsy. The author makes her case partly through prescriptions that Dickinson received (the papers still survive) and reinterprets poems such as I felt a Cleaving in my Mind to pull out the poets condition. She writes that sickness is a more sensible reason for seclusion than disappointed love. Epilepsy carried a stigma, and Gordon explains that because diagnosis was rarely uttered, still less put on paper, theres smallish chance of explicit evidence (Ciuraru). Gordon makes a persuasive case for the link between epilepsys visual and cerebral di stortions and Dickinsons extraordinary language (Showalter). By examining the imagery, diction, symbolism and olfactory property in the poems I Felt a Funeral in my Brain, I Felt a Cleaving in my Mind and Pain, the reader can line the characteristics of Emilys illness brought out in her writing.Through the use of imagery, diction and symbolism in these three poems, the reader can get a spirit of the pain and distraught that Dickinson may have felt because of her illness. In I Felt a Cleaving in my Mind the utterer talks of how my Brain had crash (2). The word Brain (2) is capitalized to add emphasis on the word. To have ones brain split (2) gives the illusion of ones brain truly being rendered in two. To have this actually happen wou... ...is experiencing. Pain is described as an Element of Blank (1). Blank is nothingness. It cannot recollect (2), it cannot remember a time when it was not there. It is difficult and hard to live with. The speaker cannot remember When it begun- Or if there were/ A time when it was not-(3-4). The illness has become such a part of the speakers life, she cannot remember a time when it did not occur. The speaker has no Future (5) with the pain of the illness. The illusion of infinity with the illness and pain is given and reiterated in the next line with Its Infinite contain-(6). The only future the speaker has is New Periods- Of Pain (8). Because all the words are capitalized the reader is given the quality of finality. That this is all there is, nothing more than pain. The dash causes the reader to pause and digest this information and the finality of it.

Emily Dickinson: How Illness Shaped Her Writing Essay -- Biography

Emily Dickinson has a characteristic writing style. Dickinsons use of dashes and randomly placed capital letters throughout her work devote her a unique style that is contradictory to her time. Many believe that it was her genius that caused this while still others believes it was her illness that contributed to her characteristic writing style. Lyndall Gordons biography offers a major(ip) revelation evidence that Dickinson suffered from epilepsy. The author makes her case partly through prescriptions that Dickinson received (the papers still survive) and reinterprets poems such as I felt a Cleaving in my Mind to describe the poets condition. She writes that sickness is a more sensible reason for seclusion than disappointed love. Epilepsy carried a stigma, and Gordon explains that because diagnosis was rarely uttered, still less charge on paper, theres little chance of explicit evidence (Ciuraru). Gordon makes a persuasive case for the link between epilepsys visual and cerebral dis tortions and Dickinsons extraordinary language (Showalter). By examining the imagery, diction, symbolism and tone in the poems I Felt a Funeral in my Brain, I Felt a Cleaving in my Mind and Pain, the commentator can decipher the characteristics of Emilys illness brought out in her writing.Through the use of imagery, diction and symbolism in these three poems, the reader can feel a sense of the painful sensation and distraught that Dickinson may have felt because of her illness. In I Felt a Cleaving in my Mind the speaker talks of how my Brain had split (2). The word Brain (2) is capitalized to add emphasis on the word. To have ones brain split (2) gives the illusion of ones brain actually being rendered in two. To have this actually happen wou... ...is experiencing. Pain is described as an Element of Blank (1). Blank is nothingness. It cannot recollect (2), it cannot look on a time when it was not there. It is difficult and hard to live with. The speaker cannot remember When it begun-Or if there were/ A time when it was not-(3-4). The illness has become such a part of the speakers life, she cannot remember a time when it did not occur. The speaker has no Future (5) with the pain of the illness. The illusion of infinity with the illness and pain is given and reiterated in the next line with Its Infinite contain-(6). The only future the speaker has is New Periods- Of Pain (8). Because all the words are capitalized the reader is given the feeling of finality. That this is all there is, nothing more than pain. The dash causes the reader to pause and digest this information and the finality of it.

Diverse Culture- Guleri and Veronica Essay

Comp be and contrast the female char representers veronica in Veronica and Guleri in A Stench of Kerosene.In this essay both(prenominal) female characters in Veronica and A Stench of Kerosene will be examined for similarities and differences in their last and traditions.When you read these two stories the three things that stand out is their glossiness, tradition and the bag of love. The story teaches us that sometimes tradition gets in the way of life. It can sometimes control your life or sometimes not. In both the stories, the women hold on tightly to their traditions. The beginnings are not just talking about their family traditions muchover the global tradition of fertility and obedience. The main characters in these stories are Veronica and Guleri. This essay portrays about the roles of women.Although there are a lot of similarities between them on the surface but there are more c oncealed. In both the stories, the main belief in the female characters is their culture. T hroughout the stories it shows us how primary(prenominal) their culture is to them and how their society forces them to do certain actions that occasionally paths to a persons death as seen in A Stench of Kerosene.Veronica and Guleri both live in male dominated countries, which make females seen by everyone as inferior. The story of Veronica is told in first person by Okeke who is Veronicas childhood friend and the I in the story. The story of A Stench of Kerosene is told in third person by an omniscient narrator.The author of Veronica is Adewale Maja-Pearce and he was brought up in Nigeria, the uniform place as Veronica was.Maja- Pearce later returned to London, as this was his place of birth so that he could supplement his education. In Veronica, the person narrating the story, Okeke can be compared to Adewale Maja- Pearce as he grew up in the same surroundings as him and also the same education and they lead similar lives.The author of A Stench of Kerosene is Amrita Pritam an d she was brought up in India which later became Pakistan, then she moved to New Delhi so that she could begin writing in Hindi.She had very unhappy experiences of marriage and divorce, this links with Guleri in A Stench of Kerosene as Guleri can not contrive any children and her husband marries again agreeing to his start out so that he can have children and this makes Guleri depressed and broken hearted which then leads to her gruesome death as her mother-in-law controls everything that goes on with Manak and Guleri. Manaks mother is an important force, though scarcely comes in as character.Veronica and Guleri both grew up in fairly rural areas of the country where they were reasonably poverty and war. alone the totally dissimilarity in their surroundings is that Veronica is in the country with troubled political history. The country has been torn apart by divisions between tribes and political groups, agony massacres and civil war.As a result, financial development within t he country has been limited and the rural areas have been badly affected by poverty.The characters in these stories have much resemblance in their personalities in the way they lead their lives so far though both stories are set in very different countries. The author use comparable and diverse techniques to present and show their characteristics.Veronica is a very unfortunate woman who grew up in her native village. She lived with her susceptible mother, shameful and alcoholic pay off and other young siblings who have not been mentioned much by means ofout the story.On the other hand, Guleri lived in the village in India with her husband Manak and her mother-in-law. She had no children but was content with her life. Manak and Guleri had a much fulfilled marriage until her mother- in-law interfered by forcing her son to marry another woman so that she accomplishes her vision of world a grandmother and ruining Manak and Guleris life.The central theme of the story is the conflict between a mans love for his wife and the debt instrument to have children. The major cultural issue concerns a man taking a second wife in order to do this. The author tells us that this practice of burning oneself for escapism is not unusual in certain parts of India but was very prominent.Guleri lives with her husband and her moth-in-law. It was pointed out that Manak was satisfied with his fate and didnt want to marry again as most people around the country would have.Veronica cooked and served for her family. She get married at a young age to a soldier and lived happily. Later on, she gave birth to a son. She is a very strong-willed person and is very content with her life.The physical appearances of both the female characters are not quite similar. Okeke describes Veronica, as no great beauty she still had a certain attractiveness that I k unfermented would appeal to men. This is a very changeful determine as no one can be sizable typefaceing and unattractive at the same time, they contradict with each other.Veronica be described as shabby may have been because of her surroundings and her lifestyle that has influenced her to be that way.Guleris physical features are barely described throughout the story. But when it reads they had bartered their hearts to each other an assumption that can be made from this is that Guleri must have been a very attractive woman as no one falls in love at first sight if the woman is unappealing. Also, as Guleri has never given birth before, she must have had a slim figure.Veronica is very comfortable with her life accepts the fact that shes married to a soldier rather than world in the metropolis with Okeke. She lives in the same hut as she used to when she grew up and she had never changed. She is like a slave first to her father and then to her marriage to her husband. She is pleased with what she does and doesnt complain about it much but if she had the opportunity to raise her voice she would have probably had a say in what she desires to accomplish in life.They are my family and this is enough, this is a line of Veronicas low expectations. She feels her family is everything she needs and nothing else would have the same satisfactory.Guleri on the other hand is very childishly stubborn and eternally wants everything her way. She is portrayed similar to a little girl. Guleri is a happy go lucky person and loves her life. Manak and Guleri are expressed as a happy couple and care about each other.In Veronica culture is a main portion of her life. Her life was about tradition. When she refuses to go to the city with Okeke and says that it will be harder for her as she is a woman and she isnt educated enough.God blessed us with a son. Is that not enough? this explains that Veronica is always the same after a long period of time that the two have been apart. She is still surviving in the squalor of a village of which Okeke had once lived. The low expectations of Veronica have for herself, compa red to the high expectations Okeke has for himself throughout for story, shows us that this is a male dominated country. The social expectations demonstrate this too. Veronica is very stubborn and it shines through the story.Veronicas life was all about the tradition. Guleris dignity is the main view of her life. Her life was all about Manak and her parents village. She always liked cosmos the centre of attention. After Manak got married again, Guleri couldnt believe the situation she was in the middle of. She did not have to express her distress and jealousy in words. The look on her face was enough. But her husband Manak did not do anything about the circumstances.Her husband pulled out his hookah and closed his eyes. Hookah is a tobacco plant pipe with a long, flexible tube by which the smoke is drawn through a jar of water and thus cooled. He seemed as if he either did not like the tobacco or that he could not bear to face his wife. In this short story, Guleris character shine s winning the almsgiving of the readers. Guleri, a cheerful girl coming from a well-to-do family and her marriage to Manak, her failure to give Manaks family a son, creates a terrific situation for her tragic end and the readers immediate sympathy is with the heroine of the story, Guleri. She was the pleasant young girl who ended her life with an extremely disastrous manner.Indian culture is such that a married woman should bring a son to the family. If a woman fails to fulfill this role, she is not successful, in marriage and therefore rejected. Thus Manaks mother escapes a reasonable percentage of getting accused for bringing a second wife for her son, Manak.Not that she hated Guleri, but Indian culture had influenced her to extremes of believing in the gift of a son to the family.On the other hand, Guleris family was rich and wanted a man from a good family, for their daughter.But Guleris father was prosperous and lived in cities. He had sworn that he would not take money for hi s daughter, but would give her to a worthy man from a good family. Guleri failing to give Manaks family a son and having to wait seven years and even the sad end to her life could have been sad even from the early days of her marriage. In India, the mother is supposed to be the representation of Indian culture. A mother enjoys an important place, if she is able to fulfill a mothers part meeting with the expectations of motherhood these being the customs and traditions of Indian culture.Manak playing his flute as they walked or were at the fair, made Guleri feel that the medicine brought her joy, taking her closer to Manaks heart. Thus the flute standing as a symbol of joy in their lives.He looked at her sadly. Then displace the flute to his lips blew a strange and anguished wail. Striking the signal of the tragedy and anticipating the tragic end. Bhavani announcing the sad end of Guleri, when she heard of your second marriage she soaked her vesture in kerosene and set fire to them . Manak getting mute with pain.He stared a long time uncomprehending, his face as usual expressionless. Therefore the death of Guleri could be called cultural violence in Indian society, though not recognized as violence in reality it is a violent act leading to death of a person. In the short story, A Stench of Kerosene the writer, point out in simple diction the theme of the theme of violence present in the culture of Indian society. Amrita Pritam gives a clear picture of the episodes with the appropriate choice of a family setting and the intended aim and view of marriage in typical Indian society.The family setting of the extended family, this can be compared to Veronica as her father beats her and was bullied by her father spot she was growing up.In Veronica, Okeke felt responsibility for his death, as so feels an extreme guilt as he did not come back to her from the cities more often and persuade her more to go with him and if he had done this enough, she would have agreed at some point to go to the city. Manak with this haunting event trap in his mind leaving every joyful moment with his new wife feeling guilty instead of happiness after the tragedy of his causality wife and the manner and circumstances he had married her.Amrita Pritam shows us how this guilt has not only affected his life but his mind and senses at the same time as it reads in the last line of the story when he holds the new born baby of his second wife when it is given to him, he says presume him away He stinks of kerosene this portrays that the baby symbolizes the death of his former wife and the baby being brought to this world has made his former wife leave it.In both the stories we should pity Veronica and Guleri, as they were just victims of death. Veronica physically dies against her own rule and Guleri mentally felt that she could not live no more. Therefore, the main two women, in both the stories suffered the main tragedies. The reader may also have felt pity that Veronica was unable to prevent being born into a sexist and poor culture, which caused her to live her life with the tragic ending. Manak was also a victim, not of death but of guilt as he was taunted by the events of his wife and the evidence at the end of the story proves this as he thinks his child smells of kerosene, which is the liquid that caused his previous wife to burn to death. This proves that his future with his new wife will be very hard to cope with.

An Analysis of Robert Francis’ Poem The Hound Essay

In Robert Francis poem The Hound, the writer creates a sense of fear by comparing how mysterious and unpredictable dogs atomic number 18 to life using an extended metaphor to show life as uncertain and one has to wait to see what it brings at them. In lines 1-5, the writer states lifespan the hound/Equivocal/Comes at a bound/Either to rend me/Or to be champ me. The speaker compares the habits of a hound to life to show eventide though they are not alike, they are similar in the way of not knowing the next thing that can happen. They are both soi-disant and suspicious because no one knows what will happen next and there is a possibility of it tearing one apart.Additionally, it can be a friend to one and e genuinelything will go well. This enforces how uncertain life is towards human beings. Meanwhile, the speaker continues in lines 6-11 by saying I cannot tell/ The hounds end/ Till he has sprung/ At my bare hand/ With teeth or tongue. There is a sense of tension that is created i n these lines by the use of resourcefulness in order to show how no one is sure of what will follow. There is a possibility that life wont be very friendly and will come at one with teeth or tongue.This can seem like a negative thing because it could come and turn you or that phrase could mean it is coming with happiness and joy thus promising good things to come. Finally, the speaker says in the last two lines Meanwhile I stand/And wait the event. This suggests the speaker is passive and waiting for something to happen. This is because one doesnt know what will happen thus will not actively participate. In life, one might not always participate because life is uncertain and it can either be a friend or destroy the person.

Personality Reflection

* All around the world today, soulfulnessality is discussed. Personality reflects who a person really is on the inside. One can determine a persons personality through expressions. Whether one is meeting a person for the original time or on a job interview, personality is whats often identified. People are unique in their own ways, which would explain how individuals endure different personalities. This paper allow for define personality and address some rudimentary personality features that define the power.The paper will also include key concepts used to explain the precedents personality, the consistency of the authors personality features, and the reaction to the personality analysis taken by the author. Lastly, the paper will identify what would make a personality political campaign reliable and valid. * There are various definitions for the word personality however, according to Dictionary. com (2011) Personality is the visible position of ones character as it impresse s others. The author defines personality as being uniquely you.Some individuals are known for their pleasing personalities however others whitethorn deal with angry- rude personalities. Some key personality features that define the author are Leader, Motivator/ Encourager, and fancier. All of the authors life, she has been told by many that she was a leader. As the author grew older, she realized that those statements were true. For this reason, the author takes the initiative to perform many tasks even the tasks no one else would do. As a result, others have admired and followed her phenomenal leadership. The next personality feature of the author is the Motivator/ Encourager.The author motivates herself by setting short and long term goals in addition to motivating others to do the same in order to achieve goals. The author also encourages herself and others. The author is compelled to give advice to others, and likes to share with individuals what to do with truth while being op en minded. The author has a strong sense of concern for others. Many people find the author to be friendly, understanding, and practical. The author uses her excellent communication skills to share specific insights ground upon facts and experience.The Enthusiast also defines the author personality. The author is very enthusiastic and has a strong willingness to work with others. The authors personality features are consistent. The Leader, Motivator/ Encourager, and Enthusiast are features that make the author who she is today. Adapting to every situation and bringing the good out of every bad situation. The author has taken a personality psychometric raise curious as to what her personality features were. The author was in awe as she identified the results of the analysis. The analysis was accurate and informed the author of the description of each feature.The author plans to retake the same personality test in the upcoming year to ensure the test was reliable and valid. A perso nality test is reliable if the test and scores are accurate each time. For example, the author took the first half of the personality test and identified her features. Likewise she took the second part of the test and the features did non change. According to Friedman and Schustack (2009), this is termed Internal Consistency Reliability. Internal Consistency Reliability is the detail of consistency measured by seeing whether subparts or equivalent parts of a test yield the same results (Friedman & Schustack, 2009).In addition to Internal Consistency Reliability, Test retest is another notion that makes a personality test reliable. Test retest is the degree of consistency between the results of the same test taken on different occasions (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). For example, next year the author plans to retake the personality test, therefore the results should be consistent. When internal consistency reliability and testretest reliability are high, we know we are measuring som ething realwe have a reliable personality test (Friedman &Schustack, 2009).Equally important, Personality tests are considered valid if the test is measuring what it is supposed to be measuring (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). In conclusion, all individuals have different personalities. The importance of sharp that there are various personalities is significant, especially when interacting with others from a different culture. For this purpose, individuals should take personality tests to exercise and enjoy who they truly are and have a unwrap understanding of why people act the way they do.

The Unhealthy Chesapeake

The Unhealthy Chesapeake Life in the American wilderness was harsh. Diseases corresponding malaria, dysentery, and typhoid killight-emitting diode many another(prenominal). Few population lived to 40 or 50 years. In the early days of colonies, wo men were so scarce that men fought over completely of them. The Chesapeake arena had someer women and a 61 male to female ratio is a good guide. Few people k new any grandparents. A third of all brides in one Maryland county were already pregnant before the wedding (scandalous). Virginia, with 59,000 people, became the most populous colony. II. The Tobacco EconomyThe Chesapeake was precise good for tobacco cultivation. Chesapeake utter exported 1. 5 million pounds of tobacco yearly in the 1630s, and by 1700, that number had risen to 40 million pounds a year. More availability led to falling prices, and farmers still grew more(prenominal). The headright system encouraged growth of the Chesapeake. Under this system, if an aristocrat sponsored an indentured servants passage to America, the aristocrat earned the right to purchase 50 acres land, undoubtedly at a cheap price. This meant land was being gobbled by the rich, and running out for the poor.Early on, most of the laborers were indentured servants. Life for them was hard, further thither was hope at the end of seven years for freedom. Conditions were brutal, and in the later years, owners unwilling to free their servants extended their contracts by years for small mistakes. III. queer Freemen and Bacons Rebellion By the late 1600s, there were lots of free, poor, landless, single men frustrated by the lack of money, land, work, and women. In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a some thousand of these men in a rebellion against the hostile conditions.These people wanted land and were resentful of Virginia governor William Berkeleys friendly policies toward the Indians. Bacons men murderously attacked Indian settlements after Berkeley refused to retaliate for a se ries of savage Indian attacks on the frontier. Then, in the middle of his rebellion, Bacon suddenly died of disease, and Berkeley went on to crush the uprising. Still, Bacons legacy lived on, giving frustrated poor folks ideas to rebel, and so a bit of paranoia went on for some time afterwards. IV. Colonial SlaveryIn the three hundred years following Columbus discovery of America, only about 400,000 of a total of 10 million African knuckle downs were brought over to the United States. By 1680, though, many landowners were afraid of possibly mutinous white servants, by the mid 1680s, for the first time, black break ones backs outnumbered white servants among the plantation colonies new arrivals. After 1700, more and more slaves were imported, and in 1750, blacks accounted for nearly half of the Virginian population. Most of the slaves were from West Africa, from places like Senegal and Angola.Some of the earliest black slaves gained their freedom and some became slaveholders thems elves. Eventually, to clear up issues on slave ownership, the slave codes made it so that slaves and their children would remain slaves to their masters for life (chattels), unless they were voluntarily freed. Some laws made teaching slaves to read a crime, and not even conversion to Christianity strength qualify a slave for freedom. V. Africans in America Slave life in the Deep South was very tough, as rice growing was very much harder than tobacco growing.Many blacks in America evolved their own languages, blending their native tongues with English. Blacks also contributed to music with instruments like the banjo and bongo drum. A few of the slaves became skilled artisans (i. e. carpenters, bricklayers and tanners), but most were relegated to sweaty work like clearing swamps and grubbing out trees. Revolts did occur. In 1712, a slave revolt in impudent York City cost the lives of a twelve whites and 21 Blacks were executed. In 1739, South Carolina blacks along the Stono River r evolted and tried to march to Spanish Florida, but failed. VI. Southern SocietyA social gap appeared and began to widen. In Virginia, a clutch of extended clans (i. e. the Fitzhughs, the Lees, and the Washingtons) owned tracts and tracts of real estate and just about dominated the House of Burgesses. They came to be known as the First Families of Virginia (FFV). In Virginia, there was often a problem with drunkenness. The adultst social group was the farmers. Few cities sprouted in the South, so schools and churches were slow to develop. VII. The New England Family In New England, there was full-strength water and cool temperatures, so disease was not as predominant as in the South.The first New England Puritans had an average life expectancy of 70 years. In contrast to the Chesapeake, the New Englanders tended to migrate as a family, instead of individually. Women usually married in their early twenties and gave birth every cardinal years until menopause. A typical woman could e xpect to have ten babies and raise about eight of them. Death in childbirth was not uncommon. In the South, women usually had more power, since the Southern men typically died young and women could inherit the money, but in New England, the opposite was true.In New England, men didnt have absolute power over their wives (as evidenced by the punishments of unruly husbands), but they did have much power over women. New England law was very severe and strict. For example, adulterous women had to wear the letter A on their bosoms if they were caught (as with The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne). VIII. Life in the New England Towns Life in New England was organized. New towns were legally chartered by colonial authorities. A town usually had a meetinghouse surrounded by houses and a village green. Towns of more than 50 families had to provide primary education.Towns of more than 100 had to provide secondary education. In 1636, Massachusetts Puritans accomplished Harvard College to train men to become ministers. (Note in 1693, Virginia established their first college, William and Mary. ) Puritans ran their own churches, and democracy in Congregational church government led logically to democracy in political government. IX. The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem hagfish Trials As Puritans began to worry about their children and whether or not they would be as loyal and faithful, and new type of sermon came about called jeremiads. In jeremiads, earnest preachers scolded parishioners for their diminish piety in hope to improve faith. Paradoxically, troubled ministers announced a new formula for church membership in 1662, calling it the Half-Way Covenant. In the Half-Way Covenant, all people could come and participate in the church, even if they fell short of the visible-saint status and were somehow only half converted (with the exception of a few extremely hated groups). In the early 1690s, a group of Salem girls claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women.What followed was a hysterical witch-hunt that led to the executions of 20 people (19 of which were hanged, 1 pressed to death) and two dogs. Back in Europe, larger scale witch-hunts were already occurring. Witchcraft hysteria eventually ended in 1693. X. The New England Way of Life Due to the hard New England soil (or lack thereof), New Englanders became great traders. New England was also less ethnically fuse than its neighbors. The climate of New England encouraged diversified agriculture and industry. Black slavery was attempted, but didnt work.It was unnecessary since New England was made of small farms rather than plantations as down South. Rivers were short and rapid. The Europeans in New England chastised the Indians for wasting the land, and felt a need to clear as much land for use as possible. search became a very popular industry. It is said New England was built on God and cod. XI. The Early Settlers Days and Ways Early farmers usually rose at dawn and went to bed at dusk. Few events were done during the night unless they were worth the candle. Life was humble but comfortable, at least in accordance to the surroundings.The people who emigrated from Europe to America were most usually lower middle class citizens looking to have a better future in the New World. Because of the everyday sameness of class in America, laws against extravagances were sometimes passed, but as time passed, America grew. XII. Makers of America From African to African-American Africans arrival into the New World brought new languages, music, and cuisines to America. Africans worked in the rice fields of South Carolina due to (a) their knowledge of the crop and (b) their resistance to disease (as compared to Indians).The first slaves were men some eventually gained freedom. By 1740, large groups of African slaves lived together on plantations, where female slaves were expected to perform backbreaking labor and spin, weave, and sew. Most slaves became Christians, though many adopted elements from their native religions. Many African dances led to modern dances (i. e. the Charleston). Christian songs could also be code for the announcement of the arrival of a guide to freedom. Jazz is the most famous example of slave music entering mainstream culture

Literature Courework Essay

Choose two stories from An Evening in Guanima that you considered to be the take up or your favourite. Explain the reasons for your choice considering theme, characters and writers style. The author got her inspiration for these stories from her birthplace, Cat Island, which many believe was originally called Guanima by the Lucayans. She frequently visited her grandparents in user interface Howe, where, via papertelling, she discovered the fascinating world of Bahamian folklore. Therefore, it was for this reason An Evening in Guanima was created.One of my personal favourites is The Girl on the Gallows because of the writers style which I felt encompassed varied techniques impressive characterization and theme. Another favourite is The Gaulin Wife with its distinct writers style, ingenious characterization and obvious, clear-cut theme. I dearest the writers extremely descriptive writers style it paints picturesque scenes of this exotic land and enabled me to visualise the charact ers while learning some their personalities.The twinkling of Christas skin, the colour of honey from bees feeding on wild marigolds and no less golden and beautiful was her hair this allowed me to effortlessly visualise Christa and Glinton describing her personality as being sweet told me she was a kind-hearted character. On the contrary, the author used words like grabby and spiteful when describing Anacarla and this, to me, denoted a vicious character. Christa was portrayed as a becoming yet humble girl with a kind personality while Anacarla on the other hand, was portrayed as a cruel viper of a princess.This made me despise Anacarla but feel nothing except fondness and sympathy toward Christa. I greatly admired the manner in which Glinton intertwined structure and symbolism when discussing the bird-messengers. She structurally highlighted the words Princess and Queen by capitalizing them and used each type of bird to symbolize both Christa and her impending destiny. The first bird was common a duck, this to me represented Christas humble social status as a daughter of the common people.The second bird was an iridescent parrot which, I felt represented Christas undeniable yellowish pink. The birds feathers were used to fashion a bonnet for a sour-faced woman who had no eye for their beauty and I took this to mean that this woman did not appreciate the bonnets inordinately beautiful plumage. In the same way Christas rejected admirers and jealous rivals ceased to appreciate her beauty when she was sentenced to be hung. The third and final winged-messenger was a powerful, majestic bird of Jove.It was observed that this was the only messenger that addressed Christa as some-day Queen and because of her prowess the eagle was able to soar above the clouds, thereby evading hunters. From my perspective, the eagle soaring above the clouds symbolized Christa rising in status and power to the prestigious position of queen. The theme of this story was that Good alw ays triumphs and evil doers eventually get whats coming to them. This made me feel optimistic that this theme would hold true to real life.I like the title of The Gaulin Wife because it is short and has an interesting key word. I like the fact that the title is short because it does not reveal much about the story, leaving me to puzzle over what the story will entail. This coupled with the use of the key word Gaulin piqued my interest and prompted me to read the story. The writers style added to my triumph in reading the story because it contained an abundance of Bahamian dialect. I felt the writer infused the writing with Bahamian dialect in order to add a cultural flavour to the story.This, in turn, made the story more interesting to me. This technique was used in the line her ma musse pity frog or goggle-eye fish. It was lines like this that showed me that the main character was disrespectful and completely inconsiderate of others feelings. The authors description of his actions also added to my perception of his personality. The fact that he promised to wed several girls before leaving them high and dry showed me the narcissistic and down right cruel aspects of his personality.This characterization flowed perfectly into the theme which was Bad karma tends to strain out those who deserve it. I gravitated toward The Girl on the Gallows because of its writers style, my favourite technique being the imbedded symbolism, and characterization which made me feel different emotions toward the characters I despised Anacarla but sympathized with Christa. I chose The Gaulin Wife because of the use of dialect in the writers style and the clear-cut, hard-to-miss theme.

Most Important Life Changing Event Essay

There is one thing that happened in my life that changed it forever. This is the day my stepdad, Taylor, died. It started as a normal schooldays day my freshman year. No one came to school because we were about to get off for a holiday, so everyone that showed up went to the auditorium to watch movies. A teacher came face for me and said that I had to go to the office. I thought I was in trouble or something. When I walked in and saw my grandma and my aunt, I knew something was wrong. They do me sit down and they told me that Taylor had died.My mind automatically went to my mom and little sister and how badly they would freak out. I knew that I had to put my feelings deviation and help them as much as possible. When we got back to my house and got out of the car I could already hear my mom screaming and crying hysterically. I went inside and hugged her and I cried unless I didnt let her see because I knew that it would make her cry even more. They hadnt picked my little sister, Mackenzie, up from school yet, and my mom was personnel casualty crazy trying to figure out how to tell her that her dad died.I pulled my moms best friend into my room and asked her what I needed to do about how we were gonna get money and that she could help me get a second job. I told her how I knew I would have to take care of my mom and sis, but that I was going to need her help. When it got overwhelming, I went outside with her daughter, Linzy, who was one of my best friends and I finally allowed myself to cry until my sister got home. When my mom told her that her daddy was in heaven and that he could never arise back she started crying and said, does that mean he cant take us fishing anymore? Taylor had bought a ride and promised he would take us fishing.It broke my heart to see her like that. Linzy and I couldnt take it, so we went outside and both cried. When it came time for the funeral, I couldnt even stay in the room. I knew how badly Id lose it, so my friends came sit with me outside almost the whole time. I wanted to get away, as far away as possible, but I knew I had to stay for my mom and sister. The entire time the funeral went one was hell. sightedness Taylor lay in the casket motionless, seeing everyone I care about cry their eyes out, and knowing Id never get the witness to tell him how much I loved him was all too much.I literally wanted to kill myself. After the funeral was over, I pushed all of my hurt aside to take care of my mom and sister. I watched them lose their minds, and there was nothing I could do but be there for them and take care of them. I was like a parent for both of them for almost a year. Over time, they got better little by little, as I continued to get worse. Theyre better now, and I can finally grieve. But I still dont grieve in front of them, because if I do, it makes their pain come back.

Are sports hurting kids? Essay

Organized delights welcome a hardening of effects on minorren, whether they be affirmatory or negative. Children ar take over finding out who they are and what the world is alike. I chose this topic because I emergencyed to know childrens motives to do form gass, and what effects the sports have on the them. I wanted to know the reasons kids start shapeing sports and, while it may be different for every child, they all had to have had some g all overn in it. of all clocky sport has skills that benefit children such as analyzeing leadership, creating realistic goals they slew achieve and learning to trounce along with others.Children overly learn about personal discipline. Whats even more interesting is that kids derive those benefits whether or not they go by at their chosen sport (Mary Forgi peerless). When I front saw this quote I was really surprised over the fact that children learn these important life lessons even if they arent good at their sport. Ever s ince I had the chance, I played baseball. Why? I siret really remember, but I do remember I enjoyed playing the whole condemnation. Now, with my part-time job at Encore Gymnastics, I flummox to see kids clearly enjoying themselves while learning gymnastics So now I inquire my own reason for starting sports.So I want to know What effects sports have on children naturally, mentally and socially? In a lot of situations, parents force their children to do sports. They do this for a variety of reasons, including, learning to dole out with defeat and staying humble with victories, making new friends, and gaining self-confidence. Or, for a less appropriate reason, possibly hoping the child will get a scholarship so they wont have to pay for college. Parents figure My child will be a break out person because of sports, which most of the time is true. But if a child doesnt enjoy their sport, in a lot of situations the child will wrench miserable.In some cases the child will go to e xtremes to make their parents happy, because the child thinks the parent only loves them because they play the sport their parent wants. When the child gets to choose that they want to start playing a sport, this is the best case scenario for a child to get all of the benefits that sports can provide for them. Sports also have an effect on the mindsets of children. Youth who participate in organized sports during middle and high develop do better academically and are offered greater job prospects than children who do not partake in sports activities(Marilyn Price-Mitchell).As stated in this quote, children in sports usually do better in school and get better jobs. There are three main psychological aspects that affect children in sports. The intensity of child active in sports has a mental effect on them. The amount of time children spend doing sports each week is particularly important to whether they get positive or negative developmental outcomes from their participation in spor ts. Kids who spend more time in organized sports have greater benefits than children who participate at lower levels or not at all.With greater time load, children develop better command of skills and vehementer knowledge of tactics and strategy than other children. This can lead to the development of strategic thinking which is helpful in all aspects of life, including the ability to find and excel in getting a job. No one can give notice (of) anyone how many hours of sports per week is the perfect amount. The important thing is that children who make a commitment to regular usage receive greater developmental benefits (Price-Mitchell). Another mental effect of sports on children is continuity.The stability and length of how children participate, both in practice and competition, crossways their adolescent years is also important. Studies suggest that intermittent participation during the middle and high school years is not as beneficial as never-ending dedication. Making a commitment over time accessions the likelihood that children will overcome challenges and obstacles in their performance. They also have greater opportunities to interact with teammates, learning to cope with the interpersonal challenges of working with others. This is an important aspect of developing an internal strength that conk outs a lifetime (Price-Mitchell).The last main mental effect and possibly the most important aspect is balance. Achieving a balance between sports and other activities is what makes sports participation intelligent. Studies show that greater developmental outcomes are obtained by children who spend time in activities other than their main sport interests. Its not necessarily the numbers of activities in which youth participate but rather that they have activities other than sports. For example, one study found children who participated in sports and school clubs had lower rates of depression than kids who focused exclusively on sports.Other studies su ggest that children who participate in activities that turn in real-world challenges, like volunteering in their communities, achieve greater developmental benefits. These activities encourage children to develop an identity and see a world beyond a game of victorious and losing (Price-Mitchell). For parents and children to get desired effects from the child participating in sports, it requires the parent and the child to come to a middle ground of what they both want from the sport. exploitation this strategy allows the child to get the most out of the sport and stay close to their parents.If the child is only or mostly pleasing their parents with the choice to play sports, the child will not get all of the psychological effects explained above. On the other hand, if the child is only pleasing themselves with sports and their parents are disapproving. The parents may learn to return financially complementing the childs participation in sports, which will once again, stop the child of getting the most of the positive psychological effects explained above (Forgione). Children on teams find it easier to make friends with one another because of the camaraderie that occurs within the team.They also work together better when the kids on a team become friends, because they feel better when working with one another. Children on a team who also bond with one another will near always play better. It you take a team with a lot of individual skill but not a lot of teamwork skills and place it against a team with less individual skill, but more teamwork skills. The team with teamwork will almost always come out on top. The reason for this, is the team with subatomic teamwork wont know how to work with one another and in turn, play worse than the other team (Development).Children in sports will more ofttimes adhere to rules compared to kids who dont play sports. Kids in sports tend to follow rules because sports have fairly strict rules and people always watching t o enforce the rules. Kids are more careful to follow the rules so the dont get in trouble or get caught (Development). Parents should also be careful when subscribe their children up for sports they should know their childrens attentiveness and physical readiness for such activities (Hughes). Sports should also not replace current free play activities of the child.For some children, familiar play is much better for them. Not having set rules and harsh practice schedules is much better for these children. They flourish off of this kind of activity and putting these types of children into organized sports can actually harm them or cause depression. As I walked over to talk to Byron Beckes, my baseball learn from five years ago, he had reasonable finished practice with his little league majors baseball team. I enjoyed the scenery with a bright blue sky and trees all around, and when I walked over to Byron he told the story to his team of when he was coaching me.We were in the final s of the in-house tournament. I walked up to bat with a man on second base and we were trim back one run in the bottom final inning with one out. First pitch came a little high and outside but I chose to swing anyway, As I ran to first base I saw the right fielder start to back up as fast as he could. But thusly he just turned around, stopped running and just stared at the ball as it flew over the fence. Coach Beckes still tells that story to some of the teams he coaches. I think its awesome that he still remembers me he always says How could I forget? Then we started the questioning. Beckes proceeded to tell me that he has had many experiences with children fro the past 40 years or so and the one with me is one of the most memorable. I love to help the kids develop skills that they can use to get to the next level, he give tongue to. Beckes also told me that after being a coach for over 40 years, the aggressive competitive levels kids can get to can get really dangerous. To the point where kids that are good friends off of the baseball diamond, could be very hostile toward each other on the diamond. Beckes then explained that he definitely enjoys having a positive effect on kids while coaching them. He also thinks that being a good supportive coach that also makes the kids play their hardest is the best kind of coach one could be. He finished with saying All kids can get their desired effects from sports as long as they exert themselves equally as hard, Beckes explained. Kids can reduce their chances of become obese by playing youth sports. Youth sports promotes healthy habits that could last a lifetime.Staying active throughout their younger years can teach kids to stay active the rest of their life. Not only can they reduce system fat, but they can also build some muscles and boost metabolism (Morris). Participation in sports also get positive health effects like decreasing risks of high blood pressure, heart disease diabetes and some types of cancer. K ids who are successful usually go into more rigorous programs for sports which require long practice hours and pushing their bodies to the limit. The kids also, almost never sop up the amount of stress they are putting on their bodies.Often when kids commit too much time into their sport then they are usually the ones who suffer from not being able to compete anymore. As long as kids are dedicated but dont put their whole lives into their sport, the sport should be beneficial to the child and they should get the most out of their sport. Having children be overly intense in their sport at too young of an age can have bad effects on them for their adult lives and even not allow them to participate in their sport anymore (Ashley). Studies show sports have benefits in keeping kids positive, focused and in school.Kids in sports are less likely to use drugs, smoke and inebriant compared to kids who dont participate in sports. Teenage girls in sports are also less likely to become pregna nt. Sports and other physical activities activate the relieve of endorphins in the brain which boost mood and relieve depression. So children in sports are less likely to develop depression than kids not in sports. Sports also relieves anxiety. Girls who participate in sports have increased confidence and healthier bodies than girls who dont.Children in sports develop better hand-eye coordination and balance than kids who dont play sports. weaken coordination leads to less problems with tendon and ligament injuries. Children who develop a strong core are less-likely to have injuries during their youth years. No matter how much athletes prepare for more grave injuries, such as fractures, dislocations and concussions, they can still happen. These injuries can all cause permanent damage and maybe even cause the athlete to have to stop playing sports.According to The Center For Kids Firsts survey of 20,000 kids, 65 percent of them joined sports to spend more time with their friends a nd only 20% of kids said they joined sports to get better (Wilson). Professional sports has a lot of effects on the mindsets of children. Children get to thinking that professional sports is the way to the good life and how to get to riches and fame. In schools, sports are highly appreciated especially in high school. High school kids in sports are usually considered the cool kids and are considered that just because they play sports (Griffin).Well functioned nichees at schools can give more instructional time for the teachers because less recess-related problems between kids carry over into the classroom. Children with recesses that are seven-day than 15 minutes have less problems during class time and they behave better in class than kids that have shorter recesses. A well-functioning recess can support strong relationships among students, teach conflict resolution and other life skills. School principals are in a position of power for allowing students to have a strong and effe ctive recess.8 in 10 principals reported that recess has a positive impact on academic success(Johnson) And two-thirds of principals reported that students listen better after recess and are more focused in class(Johnson). It has also been found that almost all principals say that recess has a positive impact on social development and general well-being. Even though recess has led to success, some schools cut recess time to meet scrutiny requirements. Recess is linked to good student behavior but, most principals still take recess away for bad behavior.When asked what would improve recess at their schools, they prioritized an increase in the number of staff to monitor recess, better equipment, and playground management training, in that order (Johnson). This just shows how people just dont realize how effective letting kids have physical activity time is. Recess time at schools is, in almost all cases, beneficial to the students. Schools should make recess time during school just a s important as instructional time. Recess is the single biggest source of student disciplinary problems, But all it takes to rear that is to have the school manage their recess more effectively.There are simple steps in making sure children are kept healthy and flourishing off of sports and physical activities. When the parents and children are on the same page for what they want from the sport, the child will gain more from it. It is also proven that physical activity prevents some diseases and keep a childs mind healthy. A child will also perform better in school if they do sports or have had a beneficial recess. As long as children enjoy their sport and keep free play activities alongside the sport, the child will mature efficiently and effectively.

Writing and Book Title

Crumples, and Crumples ar either Bumpkins or Dumps. Based on this Information. Which of the following statements is/are true? L. II. Ill. IV A BCC A Bumpkin cannot be a Limpkin A Dumpling is always a Crumple A Limpkin can be a Rumple A Rumple can be a Dumpling I, II and Ill sole(prenominal) I and IV only Ill and IV only Ill only Questions 2 and 3 refer to the following stimulus.Teachers from Bentley High School are touch on that students show many signs of redness and lack of concentration during the school day, and have blamed the Introduction of TV, gritstone and Namespace as the fundamental cause. A team of researchers, led by Dry Roy Peters, came in to assess the outcry of the teachers by conducting a professional study. Dry Peters compiled 80 students at random from Year 9 of the school, and he formed four groups. conclave 1 consisted of 20 students who were banned from watching TV for a month.Group 2 consisted of 20 students banned from accessing Backbone for a month. Gro up 3 consisted of 20 students manned from accessing Namespace for a month. Finally, Group 4 consisted of 20 students banned from watching TV, and banned from accessing Backbone and Namespace. English, Comparative, Guidelines Based on some upstart emails, there seems to be a lot of confusion when it comes to approaching the comparative study essay. Understandably, it is quite overweight to organism your knowledge of these texts and make it into a coherent comparative.I felt there was no point in trying to write a sample essay, as everyone Is studying different texts. But here Is the loot and butter of It all In essence, you will be asked to write along the following essay titles (modes of proportion) cultural context vision and viewpoint theme or Issue as explored in 3 texts. Usually 2 of 3 come up every year. This is an artificial division in monetary value of essay titles. You will end up writing about similar things In each of these essay. effective taking a different ang le each time.A comparative is just that dont try to impress the tester with your in-depth knowledge of the texts compare them, its okay to be a little superficial, but try to hit the terce texts from all the different angles of comparison. To gain an understanding of the kind of organizing you need to do, have a look at my old descents Comparative road map my own scribbles. Click on image to enlarge. Dont try to hold the details here (this sheet was filled out on the other side too). Just note how I had my 3 texts up across and issues/visions/cultural matters down.

A Critical Study of Income Patterns After the Event Tourism in Sri Lanka Essay

Sri Lankan tourism has amend with the end of the civil war in 2009 it has able to bring numerous tourists from various nationals to Sri Lanka due to gain of Security and other tourism related infrastructure. Sri Lankatourism is focusing on promoting Sri Lankan tourism through many areas that can get competitive advantage from its key competitors. moment tourism considered as the latest humanitarian to the Sri Lankan tourist industry, with the intention of latent to be a key tourist attraction to catch the prudence of many tourists by organizing various foreign and local sheaths schools the tourism in Sri Lanka and to earn substantial distant exchange and expertise from other countries.During 2008-2010 instruction of world tourism remained flat due to the worst deferral world has gone through after 1930s.During 2009 world tourism has dropped dramatically by 5.5% and in 2010 harvesting of tourism remained flat. This slump of tourism did not affect Sri Lanka badly but the phase Sri Lankan civil war was ending (2008-2009) tourist arrivals had dropped considerably. But has able to rebound from the droop during the post war period due to the progress of situation security of the island. case tourism is an important and rapidly growing segment of international tourism . An article by Getz in 1989 in Tourism Management.Problem StatementAccording to Mahinda Chinthaya which is governments school of thought on development of Sri lanka, tourism considered as key income generator for SL economy, recently SLB has spend heavily on organizing major international faces to attract foreign tourist to Sri Lanka. These events have many merits and failures to hear and through this look author lead do a critical study of income patterns after the event tourism in Sri Lanka which is essential further onward motion of the Sri Lanka travel industry. So the study is consist of information regarding the revenues and expenses occurred recently cerebrate facts in Sri Lanka. Critical study of income patterns after the event tourism in Sri Lanka which is essential further improvement of the Sri Lanka travel industry. Problem JustificationIncome after events conducted in SL gone under public conjecture, realization of income generated thoroughgoing sale of goods and services during the time of an event is a vital factor in future day event planning.Analyses of the expenses made by private sector and government is important since rough of the price unable to be accounted due to poor accounting policies used by firms. Since that its important to identify the income generated by locals as well as foreigners by conducting events in Sri Lanka. All the income generated sponsorships given by the foreign firms for events conducted in SL and the identification of the publicity given by local and foreign media which has given good image ab emerge Sri Lanka and future income can be generated from these promotions. Though analyze author critically evaluate the income pattern after event tourism in Sri lanka and areas that critical have a impact on, Event tourism Sri Lanka which has been rarely unmarked by the government of Sri Lanka to develop the countries tourism.Objectives of the Study* Objective of finding key areas that able Sri Lanka should develop to Event tourism. * Evaluating past international events organized by Sri Lanka tourism to promote tourism in Sri Lanka. * To find out the relationship between past events and their revenue generation to gain positive financial out comes to Sri Lanka. * barrack the areas that Sri Lanka Tourism should widen to gain more(prenominal) financial and to Promote Sri lanka as a major Event tourism destination. * Find out the structure of the Sri Lanka tourism and how to develop to add more pecuniary returns though improvement of its functions.Significance of the StudyScope of the study- research going to be profound and Proportional synopsis of the research topic. Population for the rese arch is been events the recently held in Sri Lanka (2009-2011), following constraints also been identify during the process of the research. taste for research-Data available of the events conducted in Sri Lanka are not well documented and large scale events has the influence of the government. Since some of the cost incurred during the events are not available. Therefore the author has chosen the samples from events that have primary cost of more than 30 million to conduct an event, because hundreds of events done individualsfocusing on Tourists. Below mentioned groups are benefited from this reportEvent organizers Through analysis of this look help event organizers identify returns and expenses of conducting events. Also it will contribute them development weaknesses which they done in past events and use their strength effectively. Tourism professionals of the industry (promoters) this able to identify the areas they should develop attract from tourists and to built image on o ther countries to visit Sri Lanka by using various cost effective and creative incentives attract more visitors to Sri Lanka to attend the future events. Government- This will help government identify the areas that should improve outcomes of the events conducted by various parties to attract tourists, which gives a valuable contribution to the local economy and to birth a productive return from their investments. Media- question will guide local and foreign media carry out widespread promotion events on Sri Lanka and the boost the image of Sri Lanka as a major tourism destination. Future researchers- Research on this topic guide future researchers to an in-depth research in subject matter.Scope of the StudyResearch will be focused on revenues or the income generated from event organized by Sri Lanka Tourism and it will identify the how the income patterns during the period of 2009-2011.Research contained the events conducted in Sri Lanka focusing only on attracting foreign touris t with assistance of the government. natural analysis of the research people related tourism, particularly people who financing the similar events discussed in the research.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewChapter 3 Research MethodologyIndependent VariablesDependant VariableHypothesis

Deadly Unna Essay Essay

In Australia there is much controversy surrounding racism amid endemical and Non-Indigenous Australians. Phillip Gwynnes novel Deadly Unna is an example of the consanguinitys amidst the two cultures. Deadly Unna is base on a 14-year-old character named Blacky who lives in the Port where the Non-Indigenous Australians or the goongas live. On the outskirts of the township there is the forecast and this is where the Indigenous Australians or nungas live. Blacky is an archetypal teenager, he plays footb all told, and experiences the same anxiety in relation to girls and growing up. The radical of racism is of great importance throughout the novel so to the necessity for reconciliation and the hope that this brings. Gwynne smartly incorporates dialogue and imagery to reveal these themes.The relationship between Blacky and Dumby parades the responder that they do not conform to the measuring stick of racism. Dumby Red is a footy star from the Point, to Blacky he is the perfect gu y This Dumby Red was trendy, he was talented, he was up himself, he wore Jezzas number 25, and he had that smile. Blacky. Blacky was not always friends with Dumby, earlier in the novel he ranted on about how he hated his guts because he is a Non-Indigenous Australian. But later on Dumby stood up for Blacky in a fight this changed his view of Indigenous Australians. The use of football as a reoccurring metaphor connects the two characters. The footy was the hardly place for us and the nungas to be together. This quote shows how the relationship between Dumby and Blacky can exist through a social barrier of racism.Gwynne uses descriptive language when Blacky is attending Dumbys funeral to dispute to the responder that Blacky lacks understanding of Indigenous Australians and racism in the town. Most of the houses were fibro, there were some brick ones as well. I thought thats not right, they all had doors and windows. I had been told that the first thing nungas do is break all their windows and smash all their doors down. Blacky. Through this relationship between Blacky and Dumby, Gwynne has shown that Blacky has a strong relationship with Dumby, he doesnt care that he is judged because he simply emergencys to respect an Indigenous Australian.Gwynne has used the relationship between Blacky and Pickles to show the racist side of the town. The use of Pickles arrogance towards the feelings of the Indigenous Australian community shows that the Indigenous Australians are see and judged unfairly. Why did you go to a boongs funeral Blacky? Pickles. Through this technique the responder can see that not only Pickles but also the port are racist towards Indigenous Australians. When Mark Arks received the B.O.G award Blacky was anger because he thought that Dumby was deserving of the trophy and not mark arks, he believed that Dumby did not receive it because of him creation from Indigenous Australian background. Mark arks getting the B.O.G, thats bull****, that was Dumbys award Blacky.Through the dialogue that Pickles uses towards the Blacky and the Indigenous people it shows how commonly racism is used in the town and that it is of the norm to be racist. Gwynne also shows the relationship between Blacky and Dumby is contrasting to the one between Blacky and Pickles and that the relationship between pickles been forced over the years and promptly Blacky is starting to realise Pickles true traits. Through the use of a variety of language and techniques Gwynne has revealed themes of racism in the novel.It is through the presentation of different relationships that Gwynne included two sides of racism in the Indigenous culture. The presentation of the relationships between Blacky and Dumby show that racism in the Port doesnt effect Blacky, he cared about Dumby even though he was an Indigenous Australian. On the other hand the relationship with Pickles and Blacky is much different, Pickles is racist and doesnt want to have Blacky being friends w ith an Indigenous Australia therefore Blacky feels he has to hide his friendship with Dumby. Elements that such as descriptive language and dialogues, metaphorical scenarios and different perspectives, combine to make Deadly Unna an entertaining novel for the responder.

Obesity and Fast Food Essay

January 2009 Abstract. We investigate the health consequences of changes in the yield of unbendable nutrient apply the exact geographical location of desist aliment eating houses. Specific totallyy, we ask how the supply of flying feed affects the corpulency pass judgment of 3 million instill children and the charge sort out of e precise locate 1 million forebodeant women. We get word that among 9th direct children, a desist food for thought restaurant indoors a tenth of a mile of a trail is associated with at least a 5.2 portion change magnitude in fleshiness rates. in that location is no discernable marrow at . 25 miles and at . 5 miles. Among gravid women, models with m other(a) doctor do indicate that a luxuriant food restaurant within a half mile of her residence results in a 2. 5 portion increase in the luck of gaining over 20 kilos. The forcefulness is larger, and little precisely musical themed at . 1 miles. In contrast, the aim of non- close food restaurants is uncorrelated with corpulency and burden gain.Moreover, proximity to hereafter profligate food restaurants is uncorrelated with legitimate obesity and metric heaviness unit gain, conditional on current proximity to fast food. The implied effects of fast-food on caloric expenditure be at least one order of magnitude smaller for suffers, which suggests that they atomic number 18 little(prenominal) constrained by travel em luggage compartments than aim children. Our results imply that policies close get to to fast food dear(p) coachs could meet signifi nookyt effects on obesity among school children, but similar policies restricting the approachability of fast food in residential beas are unlikely to throw off large effects on adults.The authors thank John Cawley and participants in seminars at the NBER Summer Institute, the 2009 AEA Meetings, the ASSA 2009 Meetings, the Federal Reserve Banks of forward-looking York and Chicago, The newfangled School, the Tinbergen Institute, the Rady School at UCSD, and Williams College for helpful comments. We thank Cecilia Machado, Emilia Simeonova, Johannes Schmeider, and Joshua Goodman for excellent research assistance.We thank Glenn Copeland of the Michigan Dept. of union wellness, Katherine Hempstead and Matthew Weinberg of the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Craig Edelman of the Pennsylvania Dept. of Health, Rachelle Moore of the Texas Dept. of State Health Services, and Gary Sammet and Joseph Shiveley of the Florida Department of Health for their help in accessing the entropy. The authors are solely responsible for the use that has been made of the data and for the contents of this article. 1 1.Introduction The prevalence of obesity and obesity related diseases has change magnitude rapidly in the U. S. since the mid 1970s. At the same time, the number of fast food restaurants more than doubled over the same time period, time the number of ot her restaurants grew at a much slower pace according to the Census of sell Trade ( eats, Grossman, and Saffer, 2004). In the public debate over obesity it is a good deal effectd that the widespread accessibility of fast food restaurants is an classic epi carrousele of the dramatic increases in obesity rates.Policy makers in several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) cities construct responded by restricting the approachability or content of fast food, or by requiring post-horse of the caloric content of the meals (Mcbride, 2008 Mair et al. 2005). But the inference linking fast food and obesity is not strong. Much of it is base on correlational studies in small data sets. In this makeup we seek to come out the causative effect of increases in the supply of fast food restaurants on obesity rates.Specifically, using a small dataset on the exact geographical location restaurant establishments, we ask how proximity to fast food affects the obesity rates of 3 million scho ol children and the weight gain of over 1 million enceinte women. For school children, we observe obesity rates for 9th graders in calcium over several years, and we are whence able to adjudicate cross-sectional as well contumacious effects models that control for characteristics of schools and neighborhoods.For mothers, we employ the require on weight gain during pregnancy reported in the Vital Statistics data for Michigan, New Jersey, and Texas top fifteen years. 1 We focus on women who have at least two children so that we give the gate follow a given woman across two pregnancies and estimate models that include mother fixed effects. The design employed in this study allows for a more precise acknowledgement of the effect of fast-food on obesity compared to the previous literature (summarized in Section 2).First, we observe in spend a pennyation on weight for millions of individuals compared to at most(prenominal) tens of thousand in the trite data sets with weight inf ormation such as the NHANES and the BRFSS. This well increases the power of our estimates. Second, we exploit very detailed geographical location information, including distances The Vital Statistics data reports whole the weight gain and not the weight at the beginning (or end) of the pregnancy. One advantage of focusing on a longitudinal whole step of weight gain instead of a measure of weight in levels is that only the recent exposure to fast-food should matter.1 2 of only one tenth of a mile. By comparing groups of individuals who are at only slightly different distances to a restaurant, we can arguably diminish the encroachment of unobservable differences in characteristics amongst the two groups. Third, we have a more precise idea of the clock of exposure than many previous studies The 9th graders are exposed to fast food near their new school from September until the time of a spring seaworthiness interrogation, trance weight gain during pregnancy pertains to the 9 m onths of pregnancy.While it is clear that fast food is generally wheezy, it is not obvious a priori that changes in the availableness of fast food should be expected to have an impact on health. On the one hand, it is attainable that proximity to a fast food restaurant simply leads local clearrs to substitute away from un sinewy food prepared at home or consumed in exist restaurants, with off significant changes in the general amount of unhealthy food consumed. On the other hand, proximity to a fast food restaurant could lower the monetary and non-monetary costs of accessing unhealthy food.In addition, proximity to fast food may increase function of unhealthy food even in the absence of any decrease in cost if individuals have self-control problems. Ultimately, the effect of changes in the supply of fast food on obesity is an a posteriori question. We find that among 9th grade children, the presence of a fast-food restaurant within a tenth of a mile of a school is associated with an increase of or so 1. 7 percentage points in the calculate of students in a class who are obese relative to the presence at.25 miles. This effect amounts to a 5. 2 percent increase in the incidence of obesity. Since grade 9 is the branch year of senior spicy school and the fitness tests take place in the Spring, the period of fast-food exposure is approximately 30 weeks, implying an increased caloric intake of 30 to 100 calories per school-day. The effect is larger in models that include school fixed effects. Consistent with super nonlinear transportation costs, we find no discernable effect at . 25 miles and at . 5 miles. The effect is largest for Hispanic students and female students.Among significant women, we find that a fast food restaurant within a half mile of a residence results in 0. 19 percentage points high chance of gaining over 20kg. This amounts to a 2. 5 percent increase in the probability of gaining over 20 kilos. The effect is larger at . 1 miles, but in contrast to the results for 9th graders, it is still discernable at . 25 miles and at . 5 miles. The increase in weight implies an increased caloric intake of 1 to 4 3 calories per day in the pregnancy period. The effect varies across races and educational levels.It is largest for African American mothers and for mothers with a high school education or less. It is zero for mothers with a college degree or an associates degree. Overall, our findings suggest that increases in the supply of fast food restaurants have a significant effect on obesity, at least in some groups. However, it is in principle possible that our estimates reflect unmeasured shifts in the demand for fast food. Fast food chains are likely to open new restaurants where they expect demand to be strong, and higher demand for unhealthy food is almost certainly correlated with higher risk of obesity.The presence of unobserved determinants of obesity that may be correlated with increases in the number of fast foo d restaurants would lead us to overestimate the role of fast food restaurants. We can not altogether rule out this possibility. However, three pieces of recite lend some credibility to our interpretation. First, we find that observable characteristics of the schools are not associated with changes in the availability of a fast food in the immediate vicinity of a school.Furthermore, we show that within the geographical area under consideration, fast food restaurants are uniformly distributed over space. Specifically, fast food restaurants are equally likely to be located within . 1, . 25, and . 5 miles of a school. We excessively find that after conditioning on mother fixed effects, the observable characteristics of mothers that predict high weight gain are negatively (not positively) related to the presence of a fast-food chain, suggesting that any bias in our estimates may be downward, not upward.While these findings do not necessarily imply that changes in the supply of fast fo od restaurants are orthogonal to unobserved determinants of obesity, they are at least consistent with our identifying assumption. Second, sequence we find that proximity to a fast food restaurant is associated with increases in obesity rates and weight gains, proximity to non fast food restaurants has no discernible effect on obesity rates or weight gains. This suggests that our estimates are not just capturing increases in the local demand for restaurant establishments.Third, we find that while current proximity to a fast food restaurant affects current obesity rates, proximity to future fast food restaurants, controlling for current proximity, has no effect on current obesity rates and weight gains. Taken together, the weight of the 4 evidence is consistent with a causal effect of fast food restaurants on obesity rates among 9th graders and on weight gains among pregnant women. The results on the impact of fast-food on obesity are consistent with a model in which access to fast- foods increases obesity by overweight food prices or by tempting consumers with self-control problems.2 Differences in travel costs between students and mothers could explain the different effects of proximity. Ninth graders have higher travel costs in the mavin that they are constrained to stay near the school during the school day, and hence are more stirred by fast-food restaurants that are very close to the school. For this group, proximity to fast-food has a quite a estimable effect on obesity. In contrast, for pregnant women, proximity to fast-food has a quantitatively small (albeit statistically significant) impact on weight gain.Our results suggest that a ban on fast-foods in the immediate proximity of schools could have a sizeable effect on obesity rates among affected students. However, a similar attempt to reduce access to fast food in residential neighborhoods would be unlikely to have much effect on adult consumers. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. I n Section 2 we review the existing literature. In Section 3 we describe our data sources. In Section 4, we present our econometric models and our empiric findings. Section 5 concludes. 2.Background While the main motivation for focusing on school children and pregnant women is the availability of geographically detailed data on weight measures for a very large sample, they are important groups to study in their own right. Among school aged children 6-19 rates of overweight have soared from about 5% in the early 1970s to 16% in 1999-2002 (Hedley et al. 2004). These rates are of particular busy given that children who are overweight are more likely to be overweight as adults, and are increasingly suffering from diseases associated with obesity while still in childhood (Krebs and Jacobson, 2003).At the same time, the fraction of women gaining over 60 2 Consumers with self-control problems are not as tempted by fatty foods if they branch have to incur the transportation cost of walki ng to a fast-food restaurant. Only when a fast-food is right near the school, the temptation of the fast-food looms large. For an overview of the role of self-control in economic applications, see DellaVigna (2009). A model of cues in consumption (Laibson, 2001) has similar implications a fast-food that is in immediate proximity from the school is more likely to trigger a cue that leads to over-consumption.5 pounds during pregnancy doubled between 1989 and 2000 (Lin, forthcoming). Excessive weight gain during pregnancy is often associated with higher rates of hypertension, C-section, and large-for-gestational age infants, as well as with a higher incidence of subsequently enatic obesity (Gunderson and Abrams, 2000 Rooney and Schauberger, 2002 Thorsdottir et al. , 2002 Wanjiku and Raynor, 2004). 3 Moreover, Figure 1 shows that the incidence of low APGAR scores (APGAR scores less than 8), an indicator of poor fetal health, increases sharply with weight gain above about 20 kilograms. Critics of the fast food industry point to several features that may make fast food less healthy than other types of restaurant food (Spurlock, 2004 Schlosser, 2002). These include low monetary and time costs, large portions, and high calorie density of signature menu items. Indeed, energy densities for individual food items are often so high that it would be difficult for individuals consuming them not to exceed their middling recommended dietary intakes (Prentice and Jebb, 2003). Some consumers may be particularly vulnerable. In two randomized experimental trials involving 26 obese and 28 lean adolescents, Ebbeling et al.(2004) compared caloric intakes on unlimited fast food days and no fast food days. They plunge that obese adolescents had higher caloric intakes on the fast food days, but not on the no fast food days. The largest fast food chains are also characterized by aggressive merchandise to children. One experimental study of young children 3 to 5 offered them identical pairs of foods and beverages, the only difference universe that some of the foods were in McDonalds packaging. Children were significantly more likely to choose items perceived to be from McDonalds (Robinson et al.2007).Chou, Grossman, and Rashad (forthcoming) use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) 1979 and 1997 cohorts to examine the effect of exposure to fast food publicize on overweight among children and adolescents. In ordinary least squares (OLS) models, they find significant effects in most specifications. 4 3 According to the Centers for Disease Control, obesity and excessive weight gain are one by one associated with poor pregnancy outcomes.Recommended weight gain is lower for obese women than in others. (http//www. cdc.gov/pednss/how_to/read_a_data_table/prevalence_tables/birth_outcome. htm) 4 They also estimate instrumental variables (IV) models using the price of advertising as an instrument. However, while they find a significant first stage, they do not report the IV estimates because tests 6 Still, a recent review of the wide epidemiological literature about the relationship between fast food and obesity (Rosenheck, 2008) concluded that Findings from data-based studies as yet are unable to demonstrate a causal link between fast food consumption and weight gain or obesity.Most epidemiological studies have longitudinal designs in which large groups of participants are tracked over a period of time and changes in their body mass index (BMI) are correlated with baseline measures of fast food consumption. These studies typically find a positive link between obesity and fast food consumption. However, existing observational studies cannot rule out potential confounders such as lack of physical activity, consumption of sugary beverages, and so on. food. 5 There is also a rapidly growing economics literature on obesity, reviewed in Philipson and Posner (2008).Economic studies place varying amounts of emphasis on increased caloric con sumption as a primary determinant of obesity (a trend that is consistent with the increased availability of fast food). Using data from the NLSY, Lakdawalla and Philipson (2002) conclude that about 40% of the increase in obesity from 1976 to 1994 is attributable to lower food prices (and increased consumption) while the remainder is cod to reduced physical activity in market and home production. Bleich et al. (2007) examine data from several developed countries and conclude that increased caloric intake is the main contributor to obesity.Cutler et al. (2003) examine food diaries as well as time use data from the last some decades and conclude that rising obesity is linked to increased caloric intake and not to reduced energy expenditure. 6 7 Moreover, all of these studies rely on self-reported consumption of fast suggest that advertising exposure is not endogenous. They also estimate, but do not report individual fixed effects models, because these models have much larger standard errors than the ones reported. 5 A typical question is of the form How often do you eat food from a place like McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut, Burger King or some other fast food restaurant? 6 They suggest that the increased caloric intake is from greater frequency of snacking, and not from increased portion sizes at restaurants or fattening meals at fast food restaurants. They further suggest that technical change has lowered the time cost of food preparation which in turn has lead to more frequent consumption of food. Finally, they speculate that people with self control problems are over-consuming in response to the spillage in the time cost of food preparation. Cawley (1999) discusses a similar behavioral theory of obesity as a consequence of addiction.7 Courtemanche and Carden examine the impact on obesity of Wal-Mart and warehouse club retailers such as Sams club, Costco and BJs wholesale club which compete on price. They link inclose location data to individu al data from the Behavioral pretend Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS. ) They find that non-grocery selling Wal-Mart stores reduce weight while non-grocery selling stores and warehouse clubs either reduce weight or have no effect. Their explanation is that reduced prices for everyday purchases expand real 7 A serial of recent papers explicitly focus on fast food restaurants as potential contributors to obesity.Chou et al. (2004) estimate models combining state-level price data with individual demographic and weight data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance surveys and find a positive association between obesity and the per capita number of restaurants (fast food and others) in the state. Rashad, Grossman, and Chou (2005) present similar findings using data from the National Health and Nutrition tryout Surveys. Anderson and Butcher (2005) investigate the effect of school food policies on the BMI of adolescent students using data from the NLSY97.They assume that variation i n financial pressure on schools across counties provides exogenous variation in availability of junk food in the schools. They find that a 10 percentage point increase in the probability of access to junk food at school can lead to about 1 percent increase in students BMI. Anderson, Butcher and Schanzenbach (2007) examine the elasticity of childrens BMI with respect to mothers BMI and find that it has increased over time, suggesting an increased role for environmental factors in child obesity.Anderson, Butcher, and Levine (2003) find that maternal employment is related to childhood obesity, and speculate that employed mothers might spend more on fast food. Cawley and Liu (2007) use time use data and find that employed women spend less time training and are more likely to purchase prepared foods. The paper that is next to ours is a recent study by Anderson and Matsa (2009) that focuses on the link between eating out and obesity using the presence of interstate highways in agrarian areas as an instrument for restaurant density.Interstate highways increase restaurant density for communities near to highways, reducing the travel costs of eating out for people in these communities. They find no evidence of a causal link between restaurants and obesity. Using data from the USDA, they argue that the lack of an effect is due to the presence of selection bias in restaurant patrons people who eat out also consume more calories when they eat at homeand the fact that large portions at restaurants are offset by lower caloric intake at other times of the day.Our paper differs from Anderson and Matsa (2009) in four important dimensions, and these four differences are likely to explain the difference in our findings. incomes, enabling households to substitute away from seedy unhealthy foods to more expensive but healthier alternatives. 8 (i) First, our data allow us to steal between fast food restaurants and other restaurants. We can thence estimate separately the impa ct of fast-foods and of other restaurants on obesity. In contrast, Anderson and Matsa do not have data on fast food restaurants and therefore focus on the effect of any restaurant on obesity.This difference turns out to be crucial, because when we estimate the effect of any restaurant on obesity using our data we also find no discernible effect on obesity. (ii) Second, we have a very large sample that allows us to identify even small effects, such as mean increases of 50 grams in the weight gain of mothers during pregnancy. Our estimates of weight gain for mothers are within the confidence interval of Anderson and Matsas two stage least squares estimates. found differently, based on their sample size, our statistically significant estimates would have been considered statistically insignificant.(iii) Third, our data give us the exact location of each restaurant, school and mother. The spatial richness of our data allows us to examine the effect of fast food restaurants on obesity a t a very detailed geographical level. For example, we can distinguish the effect at . 1 miles from the effect at . 25 miles. As it turns out, this feature is quite important, because the effects that we find are geographically extremely localized. For example, we find that fast food restaurant have an effect on 9th graders only for distances of . 1 miles or less. By contrast, Anderson and Matsa use a city as the level of geographical analysis.It is not surprising that at this level of aggregation the estimated effect is zero. (iv) Fourth, Anderson and Matsas identification strategy differs from ours, since we do not use an instrument for fast-food availability and focus instead on changes in the availability of fast-foods at very close distances. The populations under consideration are also different, and may play off differently to proximity to a fast food restaurant. Anderson and Matsa focus on predominantly white rural communities, while we focus on primarily urban 9th graders a nd urban mothers.We document that the effects vary vast depending on race, with blacks and Hispanics having the largest effect. Indeed, when Dunn (2008) uses an instrumental variables approach similar to the one apply Anderson and Matsa based on proximity to disengageways, he finds no effect for rural areas and for 9 whites in suburban areas, but strong effect for blacks and Hispanics. As we show below, we also find stronger effects for minorities. Taken together, these four differences lead us to conclude that the evidence in Anderson and Matsa is consistent with our evidence.8 In summary, there is strong evidence of correlations between fast food consumption and obesity. It has been more difficult to demonstrate a causal role for fast food. In this paper we tap new data in an attempt to test the causal connection between fast food and obesity. 3. Data Sources and Summary Statistics Data for this project comes from three sources. (a) School Data. Data on children comes from the calcium public schools for the years 1999 and 2001 to 2007. The observations for 9th graders, which we focus on in this paper, represent 3. 06 million student-year observations.In the spring, California 9th graders are given a fitness opinion, the FITNESSGRAM. Data is reported at the class level in the form of the percentage of students who are obese, and who have acceptable levels of abdominal strength, aerobic capacity, flexibility, trunk strength, and upper body strength. corpulency is measured using actual body fat measures, which are considerably more accurate than the coarse BMI measure (Cawley and Burkhauser, 2006). Data is also reported for sub-groups within the school (e. g. by race and gender) provided the cells have at least 10 students.Since grade 9 is the first year of high school and the fitness tests take place in the Spring, this impact corresponds to approximately 30 weeks of fast-food exposure. 9 This administrative data set is incorporate to information about schools (including the percent black, white, Hispanic, and Asian, percent immigrant, pupil/teacher ratios, fraction eligible for free tiffin etc. ) from the National Center for Education Statistics Common Core of Data, as well as to the Start test scores for the 9th grade. The location of the school was also geocoded using ArcView. Finally, we merged in information.8 9 See also Brennan and carpenter (2009). In very few cases, a high school is in the same location as a middle school, in which case the estimates reflect a longer-term impact of fast-food. 10 about the nearest Census catch group of the school from the 2000 Census including the median value earnings, percent high-school degree, percent unemployed, and percent urban. (b) Mothers Data. Data on mothers come from Vital Statistics Natality data from Michigan, New Jersey, and Texas. These data are from birth certificates, and cover all births in these states from 1989 to 2003 (from 1990 in Michigan).For these three states, we were able to gain access to confidential data including mothers names, birth dates, and addresses, which enabled us both to construct a gameboard data set linking births to the same mother over time, and to geocode her location (again using ArcView). The Natality data are very rich, and include information about the mothers age, education, race and ethnicity whether she smoked during pregnancy the childs gender, birth order, and gestation whether it was a multiple birth and maternal weight gain. We restrict the sample to singleton births and to mothers with at least two births in the sample, for a total of over 3.5 million births. (c) eating house Data. Restaurant data with geo-coding information come from the National Establishment Time Series Database (Dun and Bradstreet). These data are used by all major banks, lending institutions, insurance and finance companies as the primary system for creditworthiness assessment of firms. As such, it is arguably more precise and compreh ensive than yellow pages and business directories. 10 We obtained a panel of virtually all firms in Standard Industrial Classification 58 from 1990 to 2006, with names and addresses.Using this data, we constructed several different measures of fast food and other restaurants, as discussed further in Appendix 1. In this paper, the bench mark definition of fast-food restaurants includes only the top-10 fast-food chains, namely, Mc Donalds, Subway, Burger King, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, Little Caesars, KFC, Wendys, Dominos Pizza, and Jack In The Box. We also show estimates using a broader definition that includes both chain restaurants and independent burger and pizza restaurants. Finally, we also measure the supply of non-fast food restaurants.The definition of other restaurants changes with the definition of fast food. Appendix Table 1 lists the top 10 fast food chains as well as examples of restaurants that we did not classify as fast food. The yellow pages are not intended to be a comp rehensive listing of businesses they are a paid advertisement. Companies that do not pay are not listed. 10 11 twin(a). Matching was performed using information on latitude and longitude of restaurant location. Specifically, we match the schools and mothers residence to the closest restaurants using ArcView software.For the school data, we match the results on testing for the spring of year t with restaurant availability in year t-1. For the mother data, we match the data on weight gain during pregnancy with restaurant availability in the year that overlaps the most with the pregnancy. Summary Statistics. Using the data on restaurant, school, and mothers locations, we constructed indicators for whether there are fast food or other restaurants within . 1, . 25, and . 5 miles of either the school or the mothers residence. Table 1a shows summary characteristics of the schools data set by distance to a fast food restaurant.Here, as in most of the paper, we use the narrow definition of fast-food, including the top-10 fast-food chains. Relatively few schools are within . 1 miles of a fast food restaurant, and the characteristics of these schools are somewhat different than those of the average California school. Only 7% of schools have a fast food restaurant within . 1 miles, while 65% of all schools have a fast food restaurant within 1/2 of a mile. 11 Schools within . 1 miles of a fast food restaurant have more Hispanic students, a slightly higher fraction of students eligible for free lunch, and lower test scores.They are also located in poorer and more urban areas. The last row indicates that schools near a fast food restaurant have a higher incidence of obese students than the average California school. Table 1b shows a similar summary of the mother data. Again, mothers who live near fast food restaurants have different characteristics than the average mother. They are younger, less educated, more likely to be black or Hispanic, and less likely to be married. 4. Empirical Analysis We begin in Section 4. 1 by describing our econometric models and our identifying assumptions. In Section 4.2 we show the correlation between restaurant location and student characteristics for the school sample, and the correlation between The average school in our sample had 4 fast foods within 1 mile and 24 other restaurants within the same radius. 11 12 restaurant location and mother characteristics for the mother sample. Our confirmable estimates for students and mothers are in Section 4. 3 and 4. 4, respectively. 13 4. 1 Econometric Specifications Our empirical specification for schools is (1) Yst = ? F1st + ? F25st + ? F50st + ? N1st + ? N25st + ? N50st + ? Xst + ?Zst + ds + est where Yst is the fraction of students in school s in a given grade who are obese in year t F1st is an indicator equal to 1 if there is a fast food restaurant within . 1 mile from the school in year t F25st is an indicator equal to 1 if there is a fast food restaurant within . 25 miles from the school in year t F50st is an indicator equal to 1 if there is a fast food restaurant within . 5 mile from the school in year t N1st, N25st and N50st are similar indicators for the presence of non-fast food restaurants within . 1, . 25 and . 5 miles from the school ds is a fixed effect for the school.The senders Xst and Zst include school and neighborhood time-varying characteristics that can potentially affect obesity rates. Specifically, Xst is a vector of school-grade specific characteristics including fraction blacks, fraction native Americans, fraction Hispanic, fraction immigrants, fraction female, fraction eligible for free lunch, whether the school is qualified for Title I funding, pupil/teacher ratio, and 9th grade tests scores, as well as school-district characteristics such as fraction immigrants, fraction of non-English speaking students (LEP/ELL), share of IEP students.Zst is a vector of characteristics of the Census block closest to the school includ ing median income, median earnings, average household size, median rent, median housing value, percent white, percent black, percent Asian, percent.