The Different Techniques A Translator Use English Language Essay

The several(predicate) Techniques A Translator Use slope phrase EssayThe purpose of the following chapter is to provide a theoretical background to support the different techniques a voice use during the commentary process. nevertheless, it will expatiate information related to to to the schoolbook analysis, translation methods, and translation techniques. All this information will help the reader to have a better understanding just about what has been established by the experts and how this can help translators to hand a translated text that can be understood with accuracy and effectiveness.Moreover, this chapter will add the information related to the g passary creation and its relevance non scarce to the translator by itself but to the translation process as tumefy, creating a big difference in the quality and consistency within and across the text, minimizing the amount of time spent on the re search and correction of the toll and in along with making the text g uinea pig perceivable, so both the reader and the translator can be at the same basis in meaning and simultaneously reduce errors spell understanding the texts.Finally, it will refer to the relationship amongst the theories explained and the research questions provided in Chapter 1. The intention of this lowest section is to explain how this information will be utilize to gather the required data and alike to design the instruments for the data collection, which will be presented in Chapter 3.2.1. Text analysisIt is the process of decoding the text to be translated. According to Nord (2005 ) Most writers on translation theory agree that before embarking upon each translation the translator should analyse the text comprehensively, since this appears to be the only focussing of ensuring that the arising text has been comp permitely and correctly understood. This is primary(prenominal)ly because every work is different and translators need to really grasp the intention of the author as tumefy as the meaning of the text by itself so understanding the main crest in the source piece would provide a natural and dead on soft touch translation.Newmarks (1988) watch countersignature regarding the analysis of a text, mention that the purpose of reading the original, is first to understand what the text is about and second to analyze the text from a translator point of see to it, to de statusine a suitable translation method, so the intention of the text can be understood. Which is complete different from a linguists or literary critics, now that to translate it is necessary to determine the intention of the writer in set out to identify the correct methods of translation.Furthermore, he mention important locomote at the time of understanding the text close and general reading atomic number 18 necessary to capture the essence of the text, knownize and key out run razeal facts. Moreover thither is the close reading, where the translator need to analy ses the text, required for words both in and out of context, everything that does not have a good sense inescapably to be looked up. Translation is comp ar to an iceberg, the translation is just the top, but the research and investigation of the translator is what holds the top, that can never been see.2.1.1 Text StylesTo translate a unanimous text accurately it requires consideration of its context and resulting features, much(prenominal) as style. Newark (1988) points out Nidas intravenous feeding types of literary or non-literary textsa) Narrative a dynamic sequence of events, where the idiom is on the verbs or for English dummy or empty verbs plus verb-nouns or phrasal verbs (He made a sudden appearance, He burst in)b) commentary is static, with emphasis on linking verbs, adjectives, adjectival nouns.c) Discussion a treatment of ideas, with emphasis on abstracts nouns (concepts), verbs of thought, mental activity (consider, argue, etc), logical argument and connectives.d) Dialogue with emphasis on colloquialism and phaticisms.2.1.2 Sty tendic ScalesThe stylistic scale is one of the main aspects when translators analyze the text this is because it helps the translator to identify the type of readers the text would be addressed to, as well as the vocabulary that would be needed in the translation.2.1.2.1 Scale of formalityBased on Newmark (1988) the following argon examples of the scale of formalityOfficialese The habit of all nutriments whatsoever is categorically prohibited in this establishment.Official The consumption of nutriments is prohibited.Formal You are requested not to consume food in this establishment.achromatic Eating is not allowed here.Informal Please dont eat hereColloquial You cant feed your face here.Slang rate off the nosh.Taboo Lay off the fucking nosh.2.1.2.2 Scale of generality or difficultyNewmark (1988) also points out circumstantial types in the scale of generalitySimple The floor of the sea is covered with rows of big mountains and deep pits.Popular The floor of the oceans is covered with rows of big mountains and deep pits.Neutral A graveyard of animal and plant remains lies interred in the earths crust.Educated The latest step in vertebrate evolution was the tool-making man. Technical Critical path analysis is an operational research technique apply in managementOpaquely technical (comprehensible only to an expert) Neuraminic acid in the form of its alkali-stable methoxy derivative was first isolated by Klenk from gangliosides.2.2.3 Scale of Emotional noteKeeping on Newmark (1988) perspective, he defined three scales of emotional tone which areIntense (profuse use of intensifiers) absolutely wonderful, ideally dark bass, enormously successful, wonderfully controlled, gentle, soft, heart- sensitiveing melodies.Factual (cool) Significant, exceptionally well judged, individualable, presentable, considerable.Understandable notundignified (Understatement)On the other hand, Newmark ( 1988) also mentioned the importance of the attitude for evaluations and recommendation texts now that there is a thin line in the critical difference between plus or negative opinions for a translator, for this reason is necessary to establish the standards of the writer. In addition, the translator must be sure that the expressions are understood in the target text taking into consideration if they are positive, neutral, or negative.2.1.3 Text functionThe text function provides to the reader the idea of what the text is about, and also what the author is trying to transmit them. For this reason it is very important for the translator to recognize as well the source text function to reproduce the same effect for the target readers. Newmark (1988) mentioned Buhler functional theory of language where three main functions of language are explained communicatory, the informative, and in conclusion the vocative.2.1.3.1 InformativeThe main factor of the informative function of languag e is the fact of the topic and the explanation of the author. As Newmark (1988) states the typical informative texts are about any topic of knowledge. He explained that the format of an informative text is standard such as a textbook, a technical report, an article in a theme or a periodical, a scientific paper, a thesis, minutes or agenda of a meeting.It is important to leave the text naturally in order to understand the information, at the end, the objective of an informative text is to teach readers about a specific subject matter. He also mentions that informative text has 4 scales of language varietiesFirst, a formal, non-emotive, technical style for academic papers. This scale is characterized by passives, present and present perfect tenses, literal language, Latinized vocabulary, jargon, multi-noun compounds with empty verbs and no metaphors.Neutral or informal style with defined technical terms of textbooks characterized by first person plural, present tense, dynamic active verbs, and basic conceptual metaphors.An informal warm style for popular science or art books characterized by simple grammatical organises, a wide range of vocabulary to accommodate definitions and numerous illustrations, and striving metaphors and a simple vocabulary.And finally, a familiar, non-technical style for popular journalism, characterized by surprising metaphors, short sentences, Americanese, unconventional punctuation, adjectives before proper names and colloquialisms.2.1.3.2 ExpressiveNewmark (1988) stated that expressive function is more related to the feelings of the author, the mind of the speaker and the writer. He categorized three different aspects of the expressive function1. Serious imaginative literature Of the four principal types -lyrical poetry, short stories, novels, plays lyrical poetry is the most intimate expression, while plays are more evidently addressed to a large audience, which, in the translation, is authorise to some assistance with cultur al expressions.2. Authoritative statements These are texts of any nature which derive their authority from the high status or the reliability and linguistic competency of their authors. Such texts have the personal stamp of their authors, although they are denotative, not connotative. Typical authoritative statements are political speeches, documents etc., by ministers or actuatey leaders statutes and judicial documents scientific, philosophical and academic works written by acknowledged authorities.3. Autobiography, essays, personal correspondence These are expressive when they are personal effusions, when the readers are a outdoor(a) background Also, he recommends that the translator needs to slay a distinction about the personal components of the texts, for example collocations, originals metaphors, neologisms, and so on.2.1.3.3 VocativeThe vocative function is related to calling upon the reader to react of what was written. Based on Newmark (1988) the core of this function i s the readership, and has been given lots of other names such as conative (denoting effort), instrumental (instrumental), operating, and matter-of-fact (in the sense of used to produce a certain effect on the readership). Examples of a vocative function of language are notices, instructions, publicity, propaganda, persuasive writing where the main objective is to sell to entertain the addressee.In the vocative text the vital for the writer is the reader now that it target rately to the reader, the use of you is gross to break in and influence in the person. Newmark mention to facts in vocative text there are also 2 vocative texts. First, the vocative text is the connection between the writer and reader using some forms, infinitives, imperatives, subjunctives, indicatives, impersonal, passives, and tags, all those examples playing a part in asymmetrical or symmetrical relationship. The second factor is that this source of text needs to be writing in the easy comprehensible form f or the reader, the translator need to take in consideration the linguistic and cultural level of the reader.2.1.4 Type of translationThe application of the translation methods will transform the source text to an available target text for wider readers and make communication possible among the speakers of the different languages. Newmark (1988) mentioned that several scholars have been trying to identify what are the best translation methods, whether to translate literally or freely. No matter what techniques or methods are used, the translators job is to maintain a faithful target text. Even though, there are different translation methods, this chapter will burgeon forth only two of them semantic translation and communicative translation.2.1.4.1 Semantic translationAccording to Newmark (1988) semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sounds of the SL text, compromis ing on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repeating jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents une nonne repassant un corporal may become a nun ironing a corporal cloth and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between faithful and semantic translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to degree Celsius% fidelity and allows for the translators intuitive empathy with the original.2.1.4.2 Communicative translationThis method is use to render the exact contextual meaning of the source language to the target language is such form that both languages and content are acceptable and comprehensible to the reader. Newmark (1988)He comments about the last to methods (semantic and communicative), they fulfill the main aims of trans lation (accuracy and economy). In the cases of semantic translation the translator writes as the level of the author, but the communicative translation is base in the reader and his needs. Semantic in common use for expressive texts, in the case of communicative is usually use in informative and vocative texts. These 2 methods treat the following items similarity stock and dead metaphors, normal collocations, technique terms, slang, colloquialism, standard notice, phaticisms, and ordinary language.2.2 Translation techniquesThe translation process is not an easy task however, translators can count with many types of techniques in order to provide a high quality final work. It is important to mention, that translators must ensure they managed the techniques in a proper expressive style, so the meaning of the target text will not have coherence problems. In this part of the chapter the different type of translation techniques develop by authors like Peter Newmark, Vasquez Ayora and Lo pez Guix will be explain. All they points of view will by explain and compare to demonstrate the differences between each technique and the importance of each one.2.2.1 TranspositionFor Vzquez-Ayora (1977), the purpose of the change of mind is to achieve expression naturalness for the target text, in all levels like lexical, structure and the context, and also can be defined as the unconscious process where a part of speech of the source text is replaced in the target text. Moreover, Newmark (1988) aims different types of transposition or shift (term used by Catford) such as motley from leftover to plural furniture to des muebles Change in the position of the adjective la maison blanche to the white house When the source text contains a grammatical structure that does not exist in the target text il viente de le faire to recently. When literal translation is grammatically possible but may not dole out with natural usage in the target text Il ne tardera pas a renter to He will c ome back soonAnd he concludes that transposition is the only procedure that is related to grammar, and normally translators use this method intuitively. In order to have an integral knowledge about the varieties of transposition, here are exemplified some of the varieties which were mentioned by Vzquez-Ayora (1977)2.2.1.1 Abverb/VerbThe application of hard work should eventually produce a heaven on earthLa aplicacin del trabajo diligente acabara por producir un paraso en la tierra2.2.1.2 Abverb/NounThat wont be often enoughEso sera demasiada frecuencia2.2.1.3 Abverb/AdjectiveThe genuine international bodyEl genuino cuerpo internacional2.2.1.4 Verb or Past Participle/NounWe havent hear from him for a long timeNo hemos tenido noticias suyas por mucho tiempo2.2.1.5 Adverb/AdjectiveWe will attempt to be brief relying on subsequent discussion to clarify points whichTrataremos de ser breves, confiados en que las discusiones subsiguientes podremos esclarecer2.2.1.6 Verb/AdverbThere used to be an inn thereHaba hace mucho all una posada2.2.1.7 Noun/Verb or Past ParticipleDuring the remainder of the termHasta que reach el mandato2.2.1.8 Adjective/NounIt was another busy day beginningComenzaba otro da de ajetreos2.2.1.9 Adjective/VerbHe pulled sharply upward into a full curveAscendi agudamente hasta completar un giro2.2.1.10 Past Participle/AdjectiveImproved inputsInsumos mejores (o de mejor calidad)2.2.2 ModulationAccording to Newmark (1988), modulation is defined by Vinay and Darbelnet as a variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective (eclairage) and very often of category of though. Standard modulation is recorded bilingual dictionaries, Newmark mention that free modulation is been use by translators when a target language reject the literary translation, there are eleven categories of modulation lists, but Newmark focus in just one negated contrary, as positive for double negative, is a concrete translation procedure which can be applied in any action (v erb, adjective or adverb).Newmark (1988), mention that translations are free and double negative is not a forceful as the positive, the double negative depends of the voice, for that reason this modulation must depend on its facial expression and the context. There are lexical gaps, but this modulation is virtually mandatory, the procedure is potentially available, but can be use when the translation is not natural, in other cases the procedures can be used.The second modulation procedure according to Vinay and Darbelnets is part of the whole, and it is explains by Newmark (1988) as misleadingly described it consists of what I can familiar alternatives.Newmark (1988) name the other modulation proceduresAbstract for concreteCause for effect ane part for anotherReversal of termsActive for passiveIntervals and limitsChange of symbolsThe active for passive procedures is considering a transposition by Newmark (1988), it is mandatory when passive do not exist. There is important to menti on that Newmark consider the categorization did by Vinay and Darbelnet incorrect.On the other hand the definition and categorization of modulation by Lopez Guix (1997), is the same definition of Newmark originated from Vinay and Darbelnet. But it is also define as a transposition in terms of the message due to the categories of thinking instead of grammar. In the procedures mention before the difficulties rising due to structure of two different linguistics systems, to all this is have to be add the linguistic and cultural specifications.Metonymic transfer (spatial contiguity, temporal or causal relationship between the original and the translations)Synecdoche or inclusion (this transformation is more common in English since this language is more direct, concrete)Reversal of terms (the change became the appositive)Negated contrary to cause an affirmation (It is common in English, the use is not mandatory, the used depends of the context) Active for passive (English prefer the pass ive voice, opposite to Spanish which reject the passive voice) Change of symbols (this procedure let the translator to about the estrangement and desfamiliarization at the time to transform the sentences) The change from a casual for to an educated form (this is a common change from English to Spanish) Lopez Guix (1997)Another author is Vasquez Ayora (1977) he consider modulation as way to fight the literalism. Stylistic compare notion, it is a conceptual based inside a proposition, without changing the meaning, which is a different point of view from the translator using a different metaphor. Like Guix and Newmark, Ayora (1977), base is analysis with the same explanation of Vinay and Darbelnet. Ayora also mention that a different point of view will be the linguistic analysis. To this explanation we can add the hypothesis of George Mounin (1970) which said different point of view different analysis of text. Ayora consider transposition and modulation the most important procedures of translation. The categorization of modulation from Ayora isAbstract for concreteCause for effectOne part the wholeOne part for anotherInversion de terminusNegated contraryForm, aspect and usedChange of symbolsSymbols, in this case Ayora (1977) subdivide this procedure inPassive to activeComplement and configuration phrasesHypotactic and paratactic orderQuestion and affirmation marksDirector indirect speechExocentric and endocentric expressionsFigurate and direct visionFigurate vision to anotherDirect vision to figureAnimism to inanimismo2.2.3 Omision and amplificacinSome of the translation methods are mainly used to resolve some backchat issues in order to convey the meaning and fit into the target language. A non-expert translator is more oriented to literal translation because of his/her fear or pretermit of knowledge about the different types of methods however, in translation the objective is to respect the ideas in order to convey the meaning and not to be focused only on th e words. One of the procedures that help translator to be more natural is neglect, since as Vzquez-Ayora (1977) says it is often ignored or underused. He also adds that omission obeys to the linguistic principle of saving and the requirement of naturalness of equivalence in the target language. Furthermore, Vzquez-Ayora presents different types of omission, some examples below2.2.3.1 Omission of Abusive RedundanciesIn many cases companies profit from the research grantsMuchas compaas sacan provecho de las donaciones para la investigacin2.2.3.2 Omission of RepletionGeorgette smiled that wonderful smile, and we shook hand all round(Hemingway)Georgette tuvo una maravillosa sonrisa y todos nos dimos la mano2.2.3.3 Omission of Auxiliary canI can hear music in the next roomOigo msica en la otra oficina2.2.3.4 Different Examples of OmissionThe implications of increasing interdependence among nationsLas implicaciones de la creciente interdependencia de las naciones (o de ladependencia entr e nacionesThe only other nomination made so far is that of the ArgentinianAmbassadorLa nica candidatura propuesta hasta ahora es la del Embajador deArgentinaIn contrast, the addition method is opposed to saving, without neglecting the natural tone of the target text, where more lexemes and morphemes (words or symbols) are used in the final text to express the same idea. There are also several types of addition, according to Vzquez-Ayora (1977) however, only some of them will be mentioned2.2.3.5 Adverb AdditionI told her that life here is not interestingLe dije que la vida en esta ciudad carece de inters2.2.3.6 Verb AdditionI dont know what you meanNo s lo que quieres decir2.2.3.7 Adjective AdditionI intent to discuss the economy of your programsDeseo discutir la economa de las propagandas que ustedes dirigen2.2.4 ExplicitacionExplicitation is used by translators to express what is implicit from the source text to the target text. According to Vzquez-Ayora (1977), the English languag e owns high levels of semantic and meta-linguistic aspects that need to be explicit in Spanish, meaning that English has linguistic concentration of thought advantages over Spanish, so if these elements are not clear, the target text can be vague. Moreover, Vzquez-Ayora adds that the main objective of this method is explain and be specific however, he emphasizes that this procedure cannot be used overused, since if the message from the source text is hidden, it should be translated as the original paper in order to not loss the accuracy. Below some examplesHe shook his head can be translated as Movi la cabeza afirmativamenteA need for specific skills can be translated as Necesidad de personal especializado en ramos especificosTheir long journey halfway across the world can be translated as El largo viaje que habia de conducirles a travez del mundo2.2.5 Traduccion literalFor this term Newmark consider literal translation as a technique and best option to translating text where the fo rm is important as the content of great speeches, autobiographies and literary works. Guix (1977) explain the literary translation with the words of Vinay and Darbelnet, is the transfer word by word respecting the linguistic bonded of the target language. Guix (1977) also mention that literal translation is interlineal. In the case of Ayora (1997) he explains that literal translation is a procedure in which the translator need to involved a parallel structure and concept, this is not word for word translation.2.2.6 Falsas anlogasBoth languages, Spanish and English, have thousands of words that are the same or alike in form and also have the same meaning, this separate is known as cognates. On the other hand, there are another group of words that are deceiving and look similar, but the meaning is quite different, these are known as false cognates or false friends. These false cognates can cause translation problems, so the translator needs to be very blow-by-blow when encountering words that seem to be the same in both languages therefore, it is better to not assume the meaning of the words and also recommends reviewing the words in a monolingual dictionary first.2.3 GlossariesThe Merriam Webster dictionary define colour as a collection of textual glosses or of specialized terms with their respective meanings a list that gives definitions of the hard or unusual words found in a book. But glossaries are much more, they are exceptional tools for translators, as they help in the selection of appropriate terms during the translation process, now that are customized dictionaries with a list of terms in a special subject or palm with its definitions , uses, and associated notes in the target language .Glossaries are used by translators working on difficult text with specific terminology these lists of terms could also admit any company or product specific content ranging from standard abbreviations, names, technical terms and phrases software strings legal terms ingredient lists instrument items and more depending on the field of the translation. Plus other identifying information such as context or reference that may also be included.In this section specific aspects of the glossary would be explained such as its relevance not only for the translator but as for the translation process, in addition to the procedures for translators to create a glossary.2.3.1 Relevance for the translatorAccording to Gapper (2008) Translators are not required to know the precise meaning of all existing words especially when working with specialized text such as institutional translations, papers from the area of politics, commerce, finance, and medicine so even the best translator may find difficult translating specific concepts or catch phrases if he is not acquainted to that particular topic or field. That is why, translators should have at hand the necessary tools to develop an accurate translation and the glossary is the ideal tool, now that it helps tra nslators to make sure that each time a defined key term appears, in any language, it is used consistently and correctly in addition it ensures that those difficult terms that will be needed by the reader are write down in an easy way helping to better understand the document topic and concepts.2.3.2 Relevance for the translation processIn the field of translation, the use of a glossary to maintain consistency is really important and can make a big difference in the quality and coherence of the translated document.Access to veritable and accurate terminology is fundamental to minimize the spent of time on researching and correcting the terms that can be so time consuming, in that way the glossary is useful by saving time and effort to the translators, in addition to ensure consistency within and across the text documents. And all this is to produce an understandable content to readers, helping the text to communicate effectively its message to the audience.2.3.3 How to create a glos sary?For the purpose of explaining in a clear and specific way the creation of the glossary, some important recommendations made by Gapper (2008) would be mentionedThe first step proposed by Gapper (2008) consists on determining what is needed in order to create a preliminary design this will help to define the project scope and an efficient time management, especially if the project will be delivered for a specific organization. In this way, the translator can ensure a high quality work. According to Gapper (2008), the gathering information process will allow the person or translator to have a vast knowledge of what is required. Once all this information is compiled, it is also necessary to have the data documented and systematically archived. At this point, the translator can go over with the glossary creation based on the requirements and the users that were defined during the first stage.Below, the specific steps to generate a glossary based on Gapper (2008) recommendation Dete rmine the purpose of the glossary (users, used, where and under what circumstances will be used? what institution will be benefit? and so on) Define the content (terms, information regarding the terms) Additional information, if required (singular/plural, dramatics, usage, and so on) Format DefinitionIn addition, according to Gapper (2008) another important stopping point will be to delineate what type of information will be included for each term. The inclusion of equivalences can result should enrich the glossaries, due to there are some words vary in different countries with the same spoken language she also suggests that a glossary can include examples on how to use a specific term, this can help as a comparison with other terms, and also idiomatic expressions can be included to take out the user.On the other hand, aspects about the format need to be analyzed, here, is important to consider aspects like the use of caps, parenthesis, and alphabetic order.The last step based on Gapper (2008) recommendation is the verification stage, so before delivering the final version it is needed a meticulous review of the work performed, in the first reading the content should be review to ensure the information is truthful and accurate, and then it guarantees that was offered in a clear and consistent way, the second reading is basically focused on the usage of language and the format aspects.G